인도 선거제도에 관한 연구: 비례대표제 도입 논의와 공정한 선거제도 시행 방안을 중심으로 = A Study of Election System in India: Focusing on the Debate on the Introduction of Proportional Representation and the Implementation of a Fair Election System

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

India has maintained a parliamentary democracy since its independence from Britain. The history of Indian elections is that after the first legislative election in 1952, there were 17 general elections by 2019, and a government was established based on the results of the elections. India is called the world's largest democracy, and its citizens have shown high confidence in democracy. Nevertheless, India has been active in discussions about reforming the electoral system since the 1970s to this day. In particular, there are three issues. First, it is about the decision of the constituency and the range of the small constituency system and the large constituency system. The voting method is a matter concerning the voting method for candidates or political parties. India's election system reform is different from election system. India is being discussed in terms of ensuring the fairness and transparency of elections and preventing political corruption. The promotion of India's electoral reform has been pursued to improve equity. India has amended its constitution to improve the election system so that individuals and political parties can freely participate in and participate in political activities. In particular, an environment was created to run candidates who had no criminal record in the process of selecting candidates. He also made it possible to promote fair and transparent election management by strengthening the independent role of the Election Commission. The reform of the Indian electoral system has evolved to improve the fairness of the electoral system, but at a detailed level, based on the experience of the country's political history, to resolve issues that arise during the election process. The reform of the electoral system, while changing the institutional prescription, could have been promoted. India's electoral system is being actively reformed by civil society groups, and the participation of the people is conspicuous.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

인도는 영국으로부터 독립 이후 일관되게 의회 민주주의 체제를 유지하고 있다. 인도의 선거역사는 1952년 제1회 하원의원 선거를 치룬 이후에 2019년 까지 모두 17번의 총선이 있었고, 선거의 결과에 따라 정권이 수립되었다. 인도는 세계 최대의 민주주의 국가로 불리고 있으며, 인도 국민도 민주주의에 대해 높은 신뢰를 보이고 있다. 인도는 1970년대부터 오늘날에 이르기까지 선거제도의 개혁에 관한 논의를 활발하게 진행하고 있다. 특히, 이슈가 되고 있는 것은 세 가지이다. 첫째, 선거구 확정에 관한 내용으로 소선거구제 또는 대선거구제의 범위 확정에 관한 내용이며, 둘째, 의석결정 방법에 관한 내용으로서 다수대표제 또는 비례대표제에 관한 것이며, 셋째, 투표방식에 관한 내용으로 후보자 또는 정당에 대한 투표방식에 관한 사항이다. 인도의 선거제도 개혁은 우리나라의 선거제도와는 다르다. 인도는 선거의 공정성과 투명성의 확보 그리고 정치 부패의 방지라는 관점에서 논의되고 있다. 인도의 선거제도 개혁의 추진은 공정성을 향상시키는 방향으로 추진되었다. 인도는 헌법을 개정하여 개인, 정당들의 자유로운 선거참여와 정치활동을 보장할 수 있도록 선거제도를 개선하였다. 특히, 후보자를 선정하는 과정에서 범죄경력이 없는 후보가 입후보를 할 수 있는 환경을 조성하였다. 또한 인도 선거관리위원회의 독립적인 역할강화를 통해 공정하고, 투명한 선거관리업무를 진행할 수 있도록 하였다. 인도의 선거제도의 개혁은 선거제도의 공정성을 향상시키는 방향으로 전개되었으나 세부적인 차원에서는 인도의 정치사적 경험에 입각하여 선거과정에서 나타나는 제반 문제점들을 해결하기 위한 제도적 처방을 달리하면서 선거제도의 개혁이 추진되었다고 할 수 있다. 또한 인도의 선거제도 개혁은 시민단체에서 활발하게 이루어지고 있으며, 국민의 참여가 눈에 띈다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 포스코 경영연구원, "정치의 나라 인도"
• 2 권영호, "인도의 헌법과 정당에 관한 연구" 한국법제연구원 (2) : 2004
• 3 고경희, "인도 선거제도의 정치적 효과" 한국세계지역학회 23 (23): 95-116, 2005
• 4 외교부, "인도 개황"
• 5 외교부, "인도 개황"
• 6 A. Kohli, "The Success of India’s Democracy" Cambridge University Press 2001
• 7 Misra, Satish, "The Shift to Proportional Representation: Is It Time for India?"
• 8 Guilmoto, Christophe Z., "Spatial Patterns of Fertility Transition in Indian Districts" 27 (27): 2001
• 9 Smith, Donald Eugene, "South Asian Politics and Religion" Princeton Legacy Library 2016
• 10 Ziccardi, Giovanni, "Resistance, Liberation Technology and Human Rights in the Digital Age" Springer 2013
• 11 Gowda, M, "Reforming India’s Party Financing and Election Expenditure Laws" 11 (11): 2012
• 12 Devasahayam, M. G., "Proposed Electoral Reforms" 2004
• 13 Association for Democratic Reforms, "Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Electoral & Political Process Reforms"
• 14 Mcmillan, Alistair, "Population change and the democratic structure"
• 15 ShalendraD.Sharma, "Politics and Governance in Contemporary India:The Paradox of Democratic Deepening" 국제학연구소 9 (9): 77-101, 2002
• 16 Kumar, Virendra, "People’s Right to Know Antecedents of Their Election Candidates:A Critique of Constitutional Strategies" 47 (47): 2005
• 17 "National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution"
• 18 Indiatoday, "Look who you are electing in Lok Sabha election: Candidates with chequered past"
• 19 Research Division N.C. General Assembly, "Legislator’s Guide To North Carolina Legislative and Congressional Redistricting"
• 20 Election Commission of India, "Landmark Judgements on Election Law" 2000
• 21 ADR, "Judgements and PILs"
• 22 Devasahayam, M. G., "Jayaprakash Narayan: An Idealist Betrayed" The Hindu Centre 2018
• 23 SyamRoy, Bedprakas, "India’s Journey Towards Sustainable Population" Springer 2017
• 24 Gupta, U. N., "Indian Parliamentary Democracy Hardcover" Atlantic 2003
• 25 Aljazeera, "India elections"
• 26 Planning Commission Government of India, New Delhi, "Impact of Bottom up Planning under PRIs and Women Participation Therein in the States of Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand and Maharashtra" 2009
• 27 Barakade, Ankush, "Growth of Population Change in Maharashtra (INDIA)" 2 (2): 2011
• 28 Legislative Department, "Goswami Committee on Electoral Reforms"
• 29 The Law Library of Congress, "Global Legal Research Center"
• 30 Experts, Disha, "General Knowledge Capsule 2019 with Current Affairs Update 3 rd Edition Kindle Edition" Disha Publication 2019
• 31 Devasahayam, M. G., "General Election to the 17th Lok Sabha"
• 32 Mollah, Awal Hossain, "Free, Fair and Credible Election and Democratic Governance in Bangladesh: How far the Dream of Success?" 4 (4): 2016
• 33 Mollah, Awal Hossain, "Free, Fair and Credible Election and Democratic Governance in Bangladesh: How far the Dream of Success?" 4 (4): 2016
• 34 Singh, Bimal Prasad, "Electoral Reforms in India — Issues and Challenges" 2 (2): 2013
• 35 Law Commission of India, "Electoral Reforms"
• 36 "Election Commission of India"
• 37 "Election Commission of India"
• 38 Thukral, R. K., "Election Atlas of India" Datanet India Pvt Ltd 2017
• 39 Association for Democratic Reforms, "Analysis of Election Expenditure Statements of MPs 2014 Lok Sabha Elections"
• 40 ADR, "11th Annual National Conference on Electoral and Political Reforms"