1598년 杏山 전투 분석 ‒萬世德과 부얀의 전투를 중심으로‒ = The Battle of Xingshan (杏山之战) of 1598 Reconsidered : Wan Shide’s Defense of Jinzhou against the Northern Yuan

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 글에서는 몇몇 기록으로만 전해지던 萬世德의 杏山 전투의 실체를규명하고자 한다. 萬曆26년(1598) 천진순무 만세덕은 조선경리로 임명되어 파견되었다. 조선에 부임하는 길에 만세덕은 杏山驛에 머무르던 도중, ‘達子’의 공격 소식을 접하게 된다. 이에 만세덕은 성벽에 올라 직접 전투를 지휘하였다. ‘달자’의 수장 ‘백언한(伯彦罕)’은 북원(北元)의 수장 부얀세첸 카안이었다. 부얀은 투먼 자삭투 카안의 장남으로, 만력20년(1592) 투먼이 사망하면서 카안에 즉위하였다. 부얀은 즉위 이후 10만 명 규모의군대를 이끌고 요동 일대를 공략하기 시작하였다. 특히 그는 대규모의 성(城)을 공략하여 경제적 이익을 확보하고자 하였다. 기록으로 전해지던 만세덕의 행산 전투는 부얀이 이끄는 북원군과의 전투였던 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study clarifies the circumstances surrounding the Battle of Xingshan, which has previously been known through only fragmentary records. Drawing on Chinese and Korean historical archives, it reconstructs what occurred during the event and clarifies its location and participants. Historically, the event took place in the 26th year of the Wanli reign (1598), when Wan Shide (萬世德), coordinator of Tianjin (天津巡撫), was appointed military commissioner of Joseon. While en route to assume office, he learned that the “Dazi” (達子, referring to northern tribes) were attacking Jinzhou Fortress. From Xingshan Station, Wan personally directed the defense and valiantly repelled the assault.
Analysis of related sources reveals that the event was less a large-scale battle than a localized engagement at Jinzhou, led by Buyan Secen Qa’an (伯彦罕), ruler of the Northern Yuan (北元) and son of Tumen Jasagtu Qa’an. Following his succession in 1592, Buyan launched not one, but a series of incursions into Liaodong with forces numbering up to 100,000 soldiers, with his eyes on capturing fortified cities for economic and strategic advantage. By identifying Baianhan as Buyan and locating the engagement at Jinzhou rather than Xingshan, this study corrects the historical record and redefines the event’s place within the late-Ming frontier warfare.