Hemingway 文學에 나타난 悲劇的 人生觀 = The Tragic Vision of Life in Hemingway's Literature

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study is intended to demonstrate that Hemingway evolved in his works a philosophy of life which was based on a tragic vision of the world in which he lived. The tragic view concentrates on the inevitability of man's death and on a serious concern with the problems of man's fate. hemingway's tragic vision of life is important because it is the basis for all his works. shaping his plots, his characters, and his themes.
One of the ingredients making up the tragic view of man's universe is the inevitability of death. The sense of death pervades Hemingway's works and his thought. The hemingway heroes lament the little portion of time that has been allotted to them. Another characteristic which attaches to the tragic view of rality is the belief in the importance of the individual. To believe in the importance of the individual life, it is necessary to find a dignity in the indivdual.
If one is to maintain his dignity and sense of value in the face of imminent death, he must come to possess stoicism. The Hemingway heroes have trained themselves to bear anything which life can bring. It is practical for Hemingway heroes to accept the reality of limitations. The hemingway heroes are faced with the loss of a loved one. Another aspect of the Hemingway heroes' stoicism is revealed in the Hemingway heroes' belief that they should not dwell for too long on the things that they cannot change or remedy.
The hemingway hero must not dwell too much on his losses. He must not permit himself to live a life which is based upon illusion. He must never delude himself about life, and must cut out all illusion from his world. To live in illusion is to lose everything worthwhile. The hemingway heroes, then, must live up to their own code of values and conduct. Not to face reality is to doom themselves to be a loser. They must face a world filled with confusion, violence, and death.
The Hemingway heroes find it necessary to cut themselves off from all connection with those who do not know the world the way it is. Intensity for living is an essential part of the tragic character like the Hemingway heroes. What increases man's sorrow concerning death is the beauty he must leave behind.
Hemingway's tragic vision of life assumes that part of the individual's tragic situation is caused by his presence in the society of his fellow men. Hemingway is concerned with the individual judgment and action because of his tragic vision of life. The hemingway hero comes to learn that the tragic view or vision sees man in his isolated condition in a mysterious universe. The Hemingway hero is concerned with the world fo reality:he has little tolerance for illusion and fantasy.
A tragic writer like Hemingway cannot allow himself to live a life based upon illusion. A man must know the way life really is in order to have any decent chance to survive in it. The individial who fails to understand reality cuts himself off from the many beauties which the world offers to those who are aware of those beauties. To live in illusion is to remain an outsider to the beauties of the world. Tose who never get to know reality or who never learn the necessity for an individual code of morality and behavior are outsiders. Outsiders are to be pitied and scorned by the insiders like the hemingway heroes.
When the Hemingway hero notices the differecnce between established society's conventional view of the world and the view gained from his own experiences, he soon realizes that the conventional approach to life is wrong. He chooses to spend his time with the insiders who starting with a true knowledge of experience, mean what they say.
The tragic fact for the hemingway hero is that the brevity of time allotted the individual means that he must choose among the beauties of life. Since time is so restrictive, the hemingway hero becones aware of his limitation. In a tragic world, the Hemingway hero learns that if he makes a mistake, he will die or he will lose something of great personal value. In hemingway's work fate plays the decisive role, and that the individual is powerless in changing any of its decrees. The world is free to destroy the individual and he can't control his world. but because the Hemingway hero can control his own will and determination, he can live in such a way that he is not defeated by the world.
Because this is a tragic situation, the Hemingway hero must discover his own way of giving order to his life. Since a man must rely on himeslf, his personal character becomes his chief concern. A man can count on himself and on his own abilities. Because life is tragically uncertain and because a man can lose everything he has worked for, the Hemingway hero must find values that he cannot lose.
It is the development of, and a relience on his own dignity and nobility as a man which enable the Hemingway hero to face his world. What we find in Hemingway's works is that man reaches his dignity alone when confronted by great obstacles, involving the teagic ingredients of violence, suffering, and death.
In a tragic vision of life the hemingway hero is forced by his own experience of the world to observe that the values he considers worthwhile do not remain in existence for more than a limited time. Since man cannot control his fate beyond certain limits, the Hemingway hero devotes his attention to those aspects of man's life which man himself can control in the face of a hostile universe. He discovers that he can control his own thoughts, ideas, character, and his action. The Hemingway hero must possess endurance, will power and selfcontrol and courage.
Experience and self-knowledge teach the hemingway hero that the sensual experiences of pleasure, happiness, and love value. He appreciates not only the physical, but also the spiritual aspects of living and the aesthetic delights of beauty, grace, and outer form.
Because the Hemingway world is tragic in nature, it is not surprising that beauty, happiness, and love are fleeting. They do not remain for long. It is the quality of the time which is important. The hemingway hero, doomed to a tragic struggle in a viloent, turbulent world, must steel himself to face life with endurance, will, and stoicism. He cones to know that man will succeed within his limits only if he possesses these qualities.
The Hemingway hero has learned that life can assume real intensity and true meaning in the face of death. He also has realized that death is the impetus for the good life, not just the end of life. The Hemingway hero discovered that death could have its positive aspect. For Hemingway only the behavior of man in the face of death seems to convince him of his ability to live, and in the final life-and-death confrontation, be proves an affiramtive and not a negative writer.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 序論
• Ⅱ. Hemingway의 悲劇的 人生觀
• Ⅲ. Hemingway의 主人公의 悲劇的 運命
• Ⅳ. Hemingway의 主人公의 威嚴과 高潔性
• Ⅴ. Hemingway의 主人公의 勇氣와 生의 美
• Ⅵ. 結論