韓國 都市民의 階層構造 硏究 : 서울市民의 階層的生活을 중심으로 = A Study on the Structure of Social Stratification among Korean urban Inhabitants

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Chapter Ⅰ Introduction
a.Purpose of the Study
Purpose of this study is to seek what factors will be dependent variable indices related to the social stratification of urban people and to determine independent variable indices of status characteristics from these dependent variable indies. Furthermore, it is purposed to study the relationship between the independent variable index and the various ways of living of urban population. This is the first attempt to make such a study in Korean urban society.
b.Method of the Survey
In this survey, the cluster sampling method was applied in the first stage so that twenty Dongs (the lowest administrative unit in urban coⅡⅡⅡmmunity) were sampled in Seoul. Then systematic random sampling was utilized to select 1000 household heads within the dong administrative unit.
A schedule was employed for structured items and an interview method was carried out in October 1964, by students of the Sociology Department, Ewha Womans University. 971 of the 1000 sampled, which consist of 97% of the total, responded in this survey.
Chapter Ⅱ General Backgrounds of the respondents and Methods of Stratification
a.General Backgrounds of the Respondents
In analyzing 971 sampled household heads, the following general characteristics were found.
In observing the status of the households heads, 85.8% of the total respondents were male and 14.2% were female. The age distribution of these respondents were concentrated in the forties, thirties and fifties, in that order.
The marriage status showed that 83.7% of the total were married, 7.8% the deceased and 1.8% divorced and the remaining 6.7%were unmarried. With regard to religious affiliations, 55.1% of them professed that they belong to no religion, 17.6% belong to Buddhist, 16.4% protestant, 5.3% catholic, 3.9% confucious and the remaining 1.7% belong to other religions. This is a common pattern observable in urban society.
In examining the birth places of the respondents, it was found that 75.1% of them came from other provinces throughout Korea and only 24.9% of the total were actually born and raised in Seoul. The educational level of the respondents was surprisingly higher than rural society. That is, 65% of the total had more than middle school level of education and 30% of them had either attended or graduated from colleges.
However, in observing monthly income, at the time of the survey, 50% of the total earned under 5,000 won or under and only 14.4% of the total respondents earned 20,000 won and over. In analyzing their occupations, there were fifty job classifications which is a good representation of occupational structure in urban society. However, classifying these into general patterns of job classification, it was revealed that 30% of them were engaged in various salesmanship jobs including small scale of individual enterprise 35% were in clerical and professional work and the remaining 35% were either unskilled or unemployed.
b.Methods of Stratification
In viewing the aforementioned objectives, the first approach of the study was to determine what factors were considered to be a important index for social stratification. It has been discovered that the key criteria is education, income and occupation, in that importance of the order. These factors were decided as an index of status characteristics in measuring social stratification in this study.
Then the next step was to sub-divide into seven scales under each of these three broad classifications and the third step was to give points according to each scale. This was done in such a way so that seven points were given for the highest in the scale and progressing downward so that the lowest received one point. However, exception were made in the educational index. Double points were given to this index because the respondents gave twice as much importance to education than the other two social indices. In determining the stratification, however, 195 samples were excluded due to the ambiguity of the occupation.
After going through these steps to provide points for each scale in the respective indices, the results showed that 14.7% of the sampled received 24-28 points, 24.4% received 19-23 points, 27% received 14-18 points, 19.9% received 9-13 points. The remaining 13.8% received 4-8points.
These five stratifications can easily be identified with upper, upper-middle, lower-middle, upper-lower and lower classes in social stratification. Or, this may also be classified as upper, middle, and lower social classes.
Interestingly enough this classification was very closely related with the respondents subjective evaluation of their own social classes.
Chapter Ⅲ Family Life and Pattern of Childrens Education
a.Size of Family
The size of the family showed that the upper class had more household members, while the middle class family groups were smaller. It was also noticed that among the lower class, infant mortality rate was considerably higher than that of either the middle or upper class. This is due to the lack of adequate medical care and poor dieting. In asking about ideal number of children to a family, it was shown that two boys and one girl were most preferred throughout the stratification. This is a common pattern in other studies made in Korea.
b.Family Decision Maker
In asking who is the main decision maker in family affairs, even though class groups answered differently, about one half of the total said that the couple decided together and 22.4% said the husband decided alone. With regard to the causes of quarreling among couples, it was revealed that among the upper class, temperamental incompatibility was the highest factor, childrens education in the second and the husbands relationships with other woman third. Among the lower class, economic problems were the most predominant factor causing for family quarrels.
c.Patterns of Childrens Education
Korean people on the whole place great priority on childrens education. This is well represented by the fact that more than 40% of the total respondents indicated that they would like to send their children to higher education at the expense of their own sacrifice. This strong motivation was found to be much higher among the middle class than the other two classes.
In viewing the patterns of discipline of their children, it was apparent that the democratic type of discipline were accorded to the upper class while autocratic or even laissez-faire type in the lower class. In praising the approved behavior of children, it was learned that the upper class give a great deal of encouragement and even give a reward for achievement. In the lower class were ignored because parents were afraid their children will become indulgent or lazy.
Chapter Ⅳ Social Participation and Mass Communication
In order to understand human interaction in urban society, the question was asked how many friends a family head had in whom he could confide confidentiality. It was learned that two to three persons are used confidence. However, it was found that the status of such friends were very closely correlated with the respondents own education, social, occupational and economic status.
With regard to spending their holidays and weekends, it has found that among the upper class, leisure time is often spent outside of their own family, such as, going to the theater and visiting relatives. Among the lower class, 83.2% of them spend their leisure time at their own homes.
In habit of reading newspaper, the survey showed that articles concerning politics and economic were most favorable for the upper class. Politics and social columns were favored in the middle class. Among the lower class, interest was shown in social and economic columns of the news paper.
ChapterⅤ General Pattern Of Stratification
a.Stratification mobility
In asking the attitude towards social mobility, 46% of the total respondents answered that a great deal of social mobility and the remaining 41.8% showed some mobility was taken place in urban society. This high percentage of social mobility was pronounced by the upper class.
However, closely analyzing the actual patterns of mobility that has taken place in Korean urban society, it has revealed that actual stratification mobility has not so apparent even though there has a considerable degree of division of labor and specialization resulting from urbanization. This satement is supported by the fact that the stratification of the present respondents is result of the status acquired by parents, and past generations.
Even in marriage practices of the present time, the endogamous are most preferably exercised. The survey shows that perhaps more horizontal mobility has taken place than vertical mobility due to the liberation of 1945, the Korean distrurbance in 1950 and the consequences of political upheavals in 1960 and 1961.
In measuring the degree of satisfaction of respondents occupation, 47.4% of the total answered "so and so" and only 23.3% responded favorably. However, 53.6% of the upper class showed that they were satisfied with their own job while only 4.6% responded so in the lower class.
On the other hand, only 8.7% of the upper class mentioned that they were not satisfied with their own occupation, while 62% of the lowest responded so. The reasons for such evaluation are also different according to their respective classes. However, among the upper and middle classes, security, income and interest were mentioned more frequently as reasons for job satisfaction and income, security and authority were mentioned most in the lower class.
b.Social Stratification and Respondents attitudes
In order to understand social attitudes of the different stratification, several questions were asked. For example, when asked reasons for being poor, 38.9% of the total mentioned that the lack of cooperation was the utmost, lack of resources available second and lack of good leaders third. In other words, if people restore some of cooperation, their economic improvement might be brought about.
To the question of how to lessen the gaps between the rich and poor, 43.4% of the total answered that if one works hard enough, particularly among the lower class, the gap will be reduced to a great extent.
In order to advance oneself in social stratification, 55% of the total also said that " the real ability" of ones self is the most important factor. This was more pronounced among the upper class, then the middle class and finally the lower class.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 第一章 硏究의 槪要
• 第二章 調査標本의 成分
• A. 一般的 性質
• B. 標本의 階層化
• 第三章 家族과 子女敎育問題
• A. 家口의 크기와 子女數
• B. 家庭의 決定權者와 충돌 關係
• C. 子女敎育問題
• 第四章 社會參與와 매스컴뮤니케이션 接觸
• 第五章 階層關係
• A. 階層移動
• B. 階層과 社會的態度
• 結論
• Abstract