청동(靑銅)숟가락의 등장(登場)과 확산(擴散) -삼국시대(三國時代)~통일신라시대(統一新羅時代)- = Appearance Diffusion of the Bronge Spoon -Three Kingdoms~Unified Silla-

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Three Kingdoms Sites where produced bronze spoon are limited to the tomb sites such as Geumgwan and Hwangnam Great Tombs of Silla Period. In the mean time, Baekje seemed to have rather various sites including Tomb of King Muryeong and Sinbongdong and Pyojeongri tomb sites and also areas of presumable Gwanbukri palace site, Sarira utilities from Wangheung temple. Bronze spoons of Baekje show clear evidence of the user and also generally they are more beautiful than other spoons from Silla. The difference between Silla and Baekje can be found from the intentional globalisation of Baekje where tried to defend themselves from the war between Silla and Goguryeo. Additionally spoons of Baekje could be used in everyday life while it is assumed that Silla spoons were only used for the ceremonial purposes. It is then proved by the spoons from Hwangnam Great Tomb and Tomb of King Muryeong. The former three silver spoons were all for the ceremony whereas the later ones were well refined and practically usable compared to Northern Wee Kingdom of China and so it is possible to say that those spoons were all well reflected great culture of Baekje. There are no Goguryeo spoons found so far but there is a painting of scoop in the mural of Anak No 3. Tomb, so I am looking forward to finding Goguryeo spoons in the near future. However, it should be highlighted here that there were no ceramic spoons found ever from sites of Silla and Goguryeo, given that there are number of cases of those spoons from China. Since the Unified Silla, all areas in Korea such as Daegu, Changnyeong, Gurye, Buyeo, Dangjin, Icheon, and Seoul produced bronze spoons. Particularly the spoon from Anapji in Gyeongju is the one for the royal Silla Kingdom and also it is exactly the same with the spoon in the Jeongchang Temple, Japan. Therefore the spoon from Anapji proved that the one in Japan was actually made in Silla most likely. Interestingly there is no archaeological findings of chopsticks in Gyeongju areas so it can be concluded that people in those days were rarely used chopsticks. The spoons from Gyeongju areas, particularly from Weolseong and Bunhwang Temple are for the Royal Family or Royal Temple. So it is possible that the tendency of the spoon findings from the temple and palace shows that spoons were generally used for everyday life in those days. Diffusion of the bronze spoons can be detected since Unified Silla tried to increase the international relationship with Tang(唐) China after their unification of Three Kingdoms. It is generally believed that Unified Silla influenced from the culture of Gold and Silver of Dang China and this made the diffusion of the bronze spoon in Unified Silla when Hanhwa policy (mimic Chinese culture) of King Gyeongdeok overhauled in the middle of 8th century. Increase of usages is also proved by ceremonial spoon and chopsticks found from Daegu Chilgok site. Ceremonial spoons from Silla could be a reason of spoons finding in Sarira utilities of Hwaeum Temple and Gameun Temple. Then it is highly likely that spoons from Busosan and burial goods of Pyeongsangun, Hwanghaedo are all divided into ceremonial tools. Hoard goods of Malheulri, Changnyeong, which include dipper and spoon, and bronze spoon of Unified Silla from Samungri, Dangjin suggest that spoon usages were diffused into the local areas and also users may have a certain class identification. And also spoon found from the 2nd well of Hoam fortress, Seoul has a unique type which is dedicated to the one from Anapji, and it can be presumed that local officials were practically used this spoon. In Goryeo period, these two characteristics of bronze spoons were finally met with the culture of Jin(金) and Liao(遼) Kingdoms of China and then they were chosen for the burial goods in the tombs.