中共 反覇權主義의 理論과 實際 = The Theory and Practice of China's Anti-hegemonic Foreign Policy
저자
李邦錫 (建國大學校 政法大學 敎授)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1982
작성언어
Korean
KDC
301.000
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
199-223(25쪽)
제공처
(1) The aim of this paper is to know characteristics of Anti-hegemonism in Chinese Foreign Policy. To know that, it is needed above all to study the causes which formed the policy. The causes can be summed up as following three elements: ① opportunities, of time vouchsafed by Heaven ② advantages of situation afforded by the Earth ③ the union arising from the accord by Men.
(2) One of diplomatic policies stemmed from these elements were friendly-relation policy. Frendly-relation is a kind of relation, which needs one or more counterparts.
China's neighbours were circumferential forces and the friendly-relation policy is formed in relation with circumferential forces. The second policy was the policy of appeasing the far and attacking the near. This was the policy which annexed the near countries through establishing friendly relation with the far countries. Because it needs geographical passages to establish friendly relation with the far countries, this policy can be said as an outcome of geographical conditions. The third policy was the policy of controlling barbarians with barbarians. This policy, which arises discord between outer barbarians or makes inner barbarians stand against outer barbarians, depends on discord or consensus between nations or peoples.
(3) In order to understand China's foreign policy, one of the most important theories to be taken, into consideration is the principle of 'principal contradictions,' which was theorized by Mao Tse-tung. Under this theory, the principal contradiction confronted by the present regime of China is the Third World consisting of Asia, Africa and Latin America, where the revolutionary wind is storming against imperialism. This has been developed into a basic theory of the intermediate zone and the three world groups, in contrast to the Soviet Union's belief that the principal contradiction lies between the Socialist and imperialist camps.
(4) The intermediate zone theory which was developed in 1946 as an important part of Maoism, became active in the 1960's and 1970's. China recognized the world as having two major camps in this revolutionary strategy- the capitalist and socialist, with the intermediate third world group ill the middle. The theory is that the capitalist camp headed by the U.S. would occupy the intermediate zone before attacking the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union, thus, it was possible to form a united front with the countries of the intermediate zone against U.S. domination.
(5) The fact that the Soviet Union has replaced the U.S. as China's archenemy, made it necessary for China to transform the theory of the intermediate zone into three worlds. The First World includes the U.S. and the Soviet Union, the superpowers; the Second World consists of advanced industrial states such as the western nations and Japan, and Third World of less developed countries including, China. And so China's basic strategy of the Three World theory is to unite the Third World, to seize the Second World and to isolate the First World.
(6) From the time of the 20th convention of Soviet communist party, held in 1956, China has shown differences with the Soviet Union. It's main causes are known to be the ideological antagonism, differences in nuclear strategy, and boundary disputes. Issues at ideological antagonism were centered on anti-imperialism and inevitability of war, which resulted from pursuing policies of peaceful coexistence with the West. As the relations between China and the Soviet Union grew worse, China went nuclear by her own effort to ensure her security. China pursued policies of maintaining independence even at the cost of dissolution of alliance treaty with the Soviet Union, which seemed in turn to have motivated Soviet Union to propose 'Asian Collective Security System'.
This meant in practice a policy of encircling China. To counter this China attempted to approach the U.S. Thus Chinese policies toward the Soviet Union are characterized as Anti-hegemonism and breaking the encirclement policy of the Soviet Union by developing cooperative relations with the Third World nations and the Western Europe.
(7) The basic character of Chinese foreign policy can be summarized as follows: The Chinese foreign policy is based on the view of the Three Worlds, and continuing their struggle against superpower hegemonism, particularly against social imperialism of the Soviet Union. In this context, we can say that the appearance of Communist China as a world power was due to the combination of Chinese nationalism and Chinese Commenism modified in their own style. It was not owing to Communism, but to Chinese nationalism itself that China could survive from the 'Great Hegemonic' aggression.
(8) To sum up, China's Anti-hegemonism has just stepped into its new stage to confront the changing structure of international politics and the growing urgency of national interest and the establishing new international political order.
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