여성폭력추방운동의 역사적 맥락과 제도화 과정의 차이 = 미국과 영국의 사례를 중심으로

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구는 강간위기센터(RCC)와 여성쉼터(BWS) 조직의 활동이 가장 먼저 시작된 미국과 영국의 여성폭력추방운동을 고찰함으로써 제도화 과정에서 나타나는 두 나라 운동의 국가별 차이와 성폭력/가정폭력 부문의 차이를 역사적 맥락 속에서 분석하려는 시도이다. 오늘날 각국의 여성폭력추방운동은 ‘제도화’와 관련된 논란에 둘러싸여 있다. 제도화가 과연 운동의 성공이냐 실패냐의 논란에도 불구하고, 그것은 흔히 비가역적인 과정이나 결과로 간주되고 자율성의 상실과 직결되는 것으로 여겨져 왔다. 그러나 자율성과 제도화에 관한 이항대립적인 접근이나 역사적 맥락으로부터 추상화된 논의는 운동과 국가의 역학 관계를 비롯하여 제도화 과정의 실질적인 차이를 변별하기 어려운 한계가 있다. 여성폭력추방운동이 형성되고 발전하는 역사적 맥락이 상이하다면, 자율성을 뒷받침하는 운동의 역량은 물론 제도화의 과정 역시 동일하지 않을 것이다. 이 연구에서는 미국과 영국의 초기 RCC/BWS와 같은 페미니스트조직의 자율성을 재검토하고, 영미 운동의 전개 과정에서 나타나는 조직의 변화와 제도화의 양상을 살펴봄으로써 그 가능성을 타진하였다. 영미의 여성폭력추방운동은 급진적 담론의 정치를 배경으로 소집합체의 특성을 갖는 현장운동이 활성화됨으로써 시작되었다는 점에서 유사하지만, 미국은 강간 피해자들을 상담하고 지원하는 RCC 형태의 조직들이 먼저 출현하였고 영국은 매맞는 여성들에게 피난처를 제공하는 BWS 조직이 우세를 점하는 가운데 RCC가 뒤늦게 나타났다. 두 나라에서 RCC/BWS 조직을 특징짓는 연대의 발전은 차이가 있으며, 영국의 경우 가정폭력 부문의 BWS 조직은 여성주의 원칙과 자율적 역량을 바탕으로 영향력을 갖게 되었으나 성폭력 부문의 RCC 조직은 국가로부터 배제되었다. 영미 운동에 대한 역사적 고찰과 RCC/BWS 조직에 초점을 맞춘 분석의 결과는 자율성과 제도화의 딜레마가 단순히 국가의 재정 지원을 수락하느냐의 여부로 풀릴 수 없는 문제이며, 현실의 제도화 과정이 ‘자율적 운동’과 ‘제도화된 운동’의 선명한 구분으로 환원되지 않는 다양한 스펙트럼을 포함하고 있음을 시사한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study explores the historical process of the women's movement to end violence against women(the VAW movement) in the U.S. and the U.K. where rape crisis center(RCC) and battered women's shelter(BWS) firstly started their activities. Its aim is to analyze the difference shown in the institutionalization processes between the sexual violence and the domestic violence sectors in the two nations, focusing on the historical context that has constructed the characteristics of the movements.
Although the violence against women was one of the most critical issues raised by the radical politics of the second-wave feminism, the VAW movement has become the site of heated controversies over the 'institutionalization'. The adverse effects caused by the institutionalization, which has often been pointed out in the debate over the VAW movement, can be encapsulated into bureaucratization, professionalization, and service-oriented change of the organization. In spite of the debate over whether the institutionalization is a success or a failure of the movement, it has been regarded as an irreversible process or a result and the cause to the loss of autonomy.
However, the binary-oppositional approach to autonomy or institutionalization, and the discussion abstracted from historical contexts are likely to fail to clarify the actual differences shown in the institutionalization process such as power dynamics between the movement and the government. If the movement has been formed and developed in different historical contexts, not only the capacities of the movement to claim for autonomy but also the institutionalization process would not be the same. In order to explore the feasibility of the above claim, I reviewed the autonomy of the feminist organizations such as the early RCC and BWS of the U.S. and the U.K. and examined the organizational change and the various aspects of the institutionalization in the development of their movements.
Analyzing the institutionalization process of the VAW movement of the two nations, this study put focus on the organizational characteristic of RCC and BWS and the difference of their coalition-building processes as well as the differences between the two nations. They bear some similarities in that the VAW movement was firstly initiated by the small groups in the local regions in the background of the politics of radical discourse. However, in the U.S. RCC types of organizations that gave empowerment and support to the rape survivors firstly appeared, while the BWS that provided shelters to the battered women appeared earlier than RCC in the U.K. The two nations also show differences in the coalition or alliance development of the two organizations. In the U.K., the BWS has exerted the influence, staying at the feminist principle and autonomous power, while the feminist RCC has been excluded from the government. The historical examination of the movements in the U.S. and the U.K. and the analysis centered on the RCC/BWS organization show the findings that the dilemma between autonomy and institutionalization cannot be solved only by the decision whether to accept the financial support from the government or not. The current institutionalization process has a variety of aspects, in which the ‘autonomous movement' cannot be sharply separated from the ‘institutionalized movement.'

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 들어가며
• Ⅱ. 운동의 기원과 조직의 탄생: 강간위기센터(RCC)와 여성쉼터(BWS)
• Ⅲ. 초기 페미니스트조직의 자율성과 딜레마
• Ⅳ. 영미 운동을 둘러싼 제도화의 논란
• Ⅴ. 제도화 과정의 국가별 차이와 부문별 차이
• Ⅵ. 맺으며
• 참고문헌
• 〈Abstract〉

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