古期英語의 强變化動詞 = Strong Verbs in Old English
저자
金友東 (英語英文學科)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1988
작성언어
Korean
KDC
040.000
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
5-32(28쪽)
제공처
소장기관
In the Germanic languages the verbs are divided into two great classes: Strong and Weak. The strong verbs form their preterite and past participle by means of ablaut. The weak verbs form their preterite by the addition of a syllable contain-ing a dental(-de,-te), and their past participle by means of a dental suffix(-d,-t). The strong verbs were originally further subdivided into reduplicated and non-reduplicated verbs. In Old English the reduplication almost entirely disappeared in the prehistoric period of the language. The non-reduplicated verbs are divided into six classes according to the six ablaut series and a seventh class consisting of originally reduplicated verbs is added to these. Besides these large classes there are two other kinds of verbs known as preterite-present verbs and anomalous verbs.
The strong verbs are characterized by ablaut or gradation of the radical vowel. Though ablaut is a feature of Indo-European, only in the Germanic branch was it used organically in a verbal system, functioning so in all the Germanic Languages. In accordance with the dases and ablauts used, the Old English strong verbs are divided into seven classes. In all of these the principal parts are the Infinitive, Preterite Singular, Preterite Plural, and Past participle. But the four principal parts of strong verbs in Old English are based upon the three verbal stems of Indo-European: the present stem, for continuing(durative) action; the aorist stem, for momentary(punctual) action; and the perfect stem, for action completed.
The development of the ablaut series from Class I to Class Ⅶ in Old English strong verbs is as follows:
In Class I the Primitive Germanic series of ablaut vowels was i, ai, i, i. From these developed respectively in Old English the vowels of the four principal parts of this class: i, a, i, i. Most verbs of this class were regular but sound changes and other factors produced sub-classes by the time of historical early West Saxon. In Class Ⅱ the Primitive Germanic series of ablaut vowels was eu, au, u, u. From these developed respectively the vowels of the four principal parts of this class: ea, ea, u, o. A few verbs have u in the present instead of eo. Sound changes within the Prehistoric Old English period have produced four sub-classes in early West Saxon.
In Class Ⅱ the Primitive Germanic series of ablaut vowels was eu, au, u, u. From these developed respectively the vowels of the four principal parts of this class: eo, ea, u, o. A few verbs verbs have u in the present instead of eo. Sound changes within the Prehistoric Old English period have produced four sub-classes in early West Saxon.
In Class Ⅲ the Primitive Germanic series of ablaut vowels was e, a, u, u. From these developed respectively the vowels of the four principal parts of this class: e or I, ea or a, u, o or u. But various sound changes in Prehistoric Old English produced three distinct sub-classes as follows: (a) Verbs in nasal+consonant have the ablaut series I, o(a), u, u, (b) Verbs in l(except lc)+consonant have the ablaut series e, ea(a), u, o. (c) Verbs in lc, r or h+consonant have the ablaut series eo, ea, u, o. A number of verbs historically of this class developed analogical weak forms alongside the regular strong ones.
In Class Ⅳ the Primitive Germanic series of ablaut vowels was e, a, æ, e; in early West Saxon these usually became e, æ, æ, e, but sound changes in Prehistoric Old English produced variants. Class Ⅴ verbs are also characterized by having the ablaut vowels followed by a single consonant (in contrast to Class Ⅳ verbs) other than l, r or a nasal.
In Class Ⅵ the Primitive Germanic series of ablaut vowels was a, o, o, a; these remained unchanged in early West Saxon, except when Prehistoric Old English sound changes produced variants.
Class Ⅶ includes those verbs which originally had reduplicated preterites. Traces of the old reduplicated preterites have been preserved in Anglian and in poetry. Class Ⅶ is a mixed class including several kinds of stems, a variety of ablauts, and some reduplicative forms. These last were formed by prefixing to the stem a syllable composed of the first consonant of the stem+e. Class Ⅶ verbs have two sub-classes, those with e and those with eo in the preterite, both singular and plural. The infinitive and the past participle have the same vowel. And the stem-syllable of all verbs belonging to this class is long.
The vowel changes in Class Ⅶ are of obscure origin, but those in Class Ⅰ∼Ⅵ have arisen by gradation. In Class Ⅲ the stem ends with a group of two con-sonants; in Class Ⅳ it ends with a single liquid or nasal; in Class Ⅴ it ends with a single consonant other than a liquid or nasal. Class Ⅲ presents special difficulties because the stem vowels of most verbs are affected by one of several sound laws. Classes Ⅴ, Ⅵ and Ⅶ have a number of weak presents.
The most common ending of the past participle of strong verbs was -en of which the usual origin was Germanic -an-. But a less common origin of Old English -en in the past participle was Germanic -an-. But a less common origin of Old English -en in the past participle was Germanic -in-. The past participle of strong verbs is found both with and without the prefix ge-. But the prefix ge- is avoided if the verb already has another prefix, as forboden 'forbidden'. Some verbs have the prefix ge- throughout their conjugation.
Breaking before h with subsequent loss of h between a diphthong and a vowel affects the infinitives of the contracted verbs of Classes I, V, and Ⅵ. The infinitives of contracted verbs of Class Ⅱ are affected by loss of h only. The contracted verbs of Class Ⅶ have a complicated phonology. Contracted verbs include the following verbs, arranged by ablaut-classes: Class I teon, peon, ureon, leon, seon; Class Ⅱ fleon, teon; Class Ⅴ gefeon, pleon, seon; Class Ⅵ flean, lean, slean, pwean; and the reduplicating fon, hon.
In conclusion, the ablaut series of Old English developed regularly from that of the Primitive Germanic, but various forms were produced in each of the casses of Old English strong verbs by the changes of radical vowel during the Primitive Old English period mainly through the influences of nasals, initial palatal conso-nants, a back vowel in the syllable immediately following, vowel contraction, breaking, i-umlaut, compensatory lengthening, Verner's Law, analogy, and so on.
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