占領期の?日武道政策一一チャンバラ禁止と?道への??を巡って : Dealing with the Prohibitions on Chanbara (Swordplay) and Kendo = The Budo (Martial Arts) Policy for Japan Under the Allied Forces Occupation
저자
谷川建司 (早?田大?)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
2006
작성언어
Japanese
주제어
KDC
001.305
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
404-420(17쪽)
제공처
連合?軍最高司令官?司令部 (GHQ)は占領下日本で?家神道と結びつき?時期の日本人の精神構造に?しき影響を?えたものとしての武道を、中でも?道を?しく規制したと言われており、?道界では一般に占領期を“?道が??された冬の時代"と捉えている。確かに、1950年に復活が許可された弓道?柔道と比べ、?道のみ公式には占領終結後の1953年4月まで禁止が解かれず、1952年4月に事?上復活した際も “しない競技"という耳慣れない言葉に置き換えられていた。だが、?は 1945年 11月に出された “?道禁止" 通達は?道全?に?する禁止措置ではなく “?校?道"のみ禁止だった。逆に言えば?は個人が自主的に?道の練習をすること自?は禁止されておらず、その点は、刀を持った主人公が登場するだけで無?件に問題視された映?
における “チャンパラ禁止" の?況とは全く異なる。個人が自主的に?道の練習をすることとは、具?的には “道場?道" と “警察?道" である。これらについてはお構いなし、とGHQは公的に表明していた。
また、?道を?家主義的精神?育と結びつけた組織と見なされていた大日本武??が自主解散を宣言したもののGHQにより?制解散命令を出された事?も、必ずしも?道 (武道) に?する?しい??だったとは言えない。命令による解散と自主的解散との決定的違いは財産の??の有無という部分ではなく、むしろ組織の中心的立場にいた者に?して公職追放措置を講ずることが出?るか否かという点だったはず。その意味では、むしろ?道やその他の武道を押し?めていた?家主義的なフレ?ムをGHQが取り?ってくれたとプラス評?すらし得る。
プランゲ文庫所?の占領期の警察?係?誌には警察官による柔?道大?の記事が頻出する。それらにより、地域によって?度差を持ちつつも、全?としては1949年秋頃までは“警察?道"、“道場?道"ともに、?家主義的精神?育から?皮し、西洋のフェンシングのように新たなスポ?ツとして牛まれ?わったことを?制しつつ、?道や柔道が日本各地で行われていたことがわかる。全?各都道府?警での柔?道大?にはしばしばGHQ?係者が?賓として拙かれ、?際にGHQスタップで?道や柔道を習い始める者も少なくなかった。むちろん、地方軍政府によってはGHQの意向とはお構いなしに一般人の?道具の?却を命じたり、所有者を?罰したりといった混?もあったようだが、それがGHQによる?道に?する組織的な??であったと解?することは誤りである。その後1949年日月に“警察?道"訓練中止通達が?せられたとしている資料もあるが、それが事?なのか、そうだとすればどのような?緯でなされたのかは、今後の調査で明らかにしたい。
During the occupation of Japan by allied forces, it has been said that the General Headquarters/Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers(GHQ/SCAP)severely restricted the practice of budo (martial arts), and kendo in particular, as being linked to nationalistic Shintoism and as having badly influenced the minds of the Japanese during the war. Thus in the world of kendo, this particular period during the occupation is generally referred to as the bleakest age in kendo, when kendo was persecuted. It is true that compared to kyudo (Japanese archery) and judo, which were officially reinstated by 1950, only kendo did not see its ban officially lifted until April of 1953. Even after April 1952, when kendo had been resurrected for all practical purposes, it was still referred to by the unfamiliar term, shinai kyogi (bamboo sword fencing). However, the original ban on kendo proclaimed in November 1945 was actually an exclusive ban on school-kendo and not a blanket ban on all manner of kendo practice. In other words, the act per se of an individual practicing kendo on one's own was not prohibited. In this sense, the situation with kendo differed greatly from the ban on chanbara (swordplay) in films, which caused movie characters to be unconditionally frowned upon for simply wielding a sword. When an individual practices kendo of his own accord, he specifically practices dojo-kendo or keisatsu (police)-kendo. In actuality, the GHQ/SCAP had officially sanctioned the practice of these two types of Kendo.
In spite of the fact that GHQ/SCAP issued mandatory dissolution order to the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (Greater Japan Martial Virtue Society), once considered an organization promoting kendo in connection with prewar nationalistic moral education, even after it had declared it would voluntarily dissolve itself, there is no evidence to suggest that GHQ/SCAP had done so out of a sense of severe persecution. The decisive difference between mandatory and voluntary dissolution lies not in the confiscation of property, but whether the authorities could enforce measures to expel the leading figures of the organization from public office. In this sense, the actions of the GHQ/SCAP can be assessed in a positive light, sice it was they who had freed kendo and the other budo (martial arts) from the restricting framework of nationalism.
In police-related publications from the occupation era, as preserved in the Prange Collection, we find many articles on kendo and judo competitions among police officers. Despite slight differences in regional attitudes, the articles generally emphasize that by the fall of 1949, kendo and judo, together with keisatsu-kendo and dojo-kendo, by then freed from the strictures of nationalistic moral education, had been given new life as sports, not unlike fencing in the West, and we learn that they were being practiced everywhere in Japan. In fact, in many kendo and judo competitions held nationwide by prefectural police, GHQ/SCAP officials were often invited as guests and a number of GHQ/SCAP workers actually began to practice kendo and judo. Granted, there were a number of disturbing incidents where local government forces, ignoring the wishes of the GHQ/SCAP, went ahead and incinerated the kendo equipment owned by the general public and punished their owners. However, it would be a equipment owned by the general public and punished their owners. However, it would be a misunderstanding to interpret these acts as a systemic persecution of kendo on the part of the GHQ/SCAP. Some historical materials point to a November 1949 ban on the practice of keisatsu-kendo, but whether such a ban was actually issued or the circumstances leading to such a ban are yet to be researched.
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