組織의 基礎理論硏究 : Barnard-Simon의 組織理論을 中心으로 = A Study of the Basic Theories about Administrative Organization
저자
羅雄培 (서울大學校商科大學)
발행기관
서울大學校 商科大學 韓國經濟硏究所(INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY)
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1964
작성언어
Korean
KDC
320.5
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
69-108(40쪽)
제공처
소장기관
Foreword
Twentieth century has been characterized by large-scale enterprises. These enterprises need effective management. And this management is closely related to organization of the enterprises. The importance of organization is growing day by day in this complicated society. Therefore, I am going to consider today's problems of organization, considering Banard-Simon's theories.
Ⅰ. Situation and Characteristics of Banard-Simon's Organization Theories.
The theories about administrative organization began with F.W. Taylor in the period between the latter half of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century. With Taylor's "Scientific Management" or "Taylor System", experimental and insitutive method of management changed into scientific method of management which is based on scheme and control. But he did not pay attention to the principles of organzation in the point of the problem of human group. Man was treated as tool by him.
In 1920's Fayol, Urwick, Mooney and Reiley tried to explain the principles of organization itself. But they also lacked by human side of organization. Man was a mere tool to them also.
Follet, Mayo and Banard conquered this defect. Mayo, Roethlisberger and Whitehead contributed new concepts to the study of organization such as informal organization against formal organization, morale, motive and leadership, etc. On the bases of these early theories, Banard and Simon achieved pioneeric study in explaining elementary problems of human behavior in organization.
Banard tried to bring light on general characteristics of organization in his "The Functuions of the Executive". His theory begins with individual and tries to investigate the element of human behavior in mutual actions between organization and individual. He also treats organization very widely, even religional or political organization.
Simon's theory is very similar to Bamard's. The only difference is that he is especially interested in public administration.
Ⅱ. Formation of Organization and its Concepts.
Banard is very careful in difining organization. He begins with the consideration of man and presents two concepts; "cooperative system" and "organization". His organization is an abstractive concept and not a group. Simon is not so careful in defining organization but he also has an abstractive concept", a complicated pattern of communication and other relations in human group.
Ⅲ. Elements of Organization.
1. Purpose of organization: There are organization purpose and individual method in cooperative purpose. These two purposes often go against each other and may lead to the destruction of organization. Organization must keep balance with organization purpose and objective surroundings to exist.
2. Willingness to cooperate: Organization can not stand without willingness to cooperate of its members. This willingness is always changeable and its intensity depends on the incentives given by organization.
3. Communication: Probability of achievement of common purpose and individual with desire to contribute to it are two poles. The process that these two potential elements become active ones is the process of communication. Authority can be kept with this communication and the coordination among organization members can be achieved with influencial power, especially authority.
Ⅳ. Theory of Decision-Making.
The members of organization have general tendency in their behavior. And decision-making must come before behavior, and so decision-making in organization is one of basic problems. Banard paid much attention to this decision-making. He regards it as an action of selecting. He especially attaches much importance to lower decision. Simon has a similar view, but he considers the unconscious element and the illogical element, and so shows a wider view. He also indicates that rational selection is very difficult.
Ⅴ. Theory of Influencial Power.
The decision-making of individuals in organization is made by direct or indirect mutual action among members of organization.
1. Authority: Theories of Banard and Simon are especially characterized by this theory of authority. According to Banard, authority of a command depends on receiving men, not on the commanding men. He shows four conditions that are necessary for a command to have authority. Though a command can not satisfy all these conditions, it has authority because of zone of indifference. Simon extends Barnard's theory of authority. He says that authority is a power which induces other's decision making. There is a relation between the exercising men and the exercised men. He calls it "authority relations" or "power relations". He explains "area of acceptance", kinds of authorities, "sanctions" and the functions of authority.
2. Identification: This means mental circumstance to make decisions of individuals favourable to organization purpose. Simon explains its definition and several contributing elements.
Ⅵ. Theory of Equilibrium.
Organization is always in the act of organizing, dissecting and reorganizing. Cause of continuance of organization is willingness to cooperate, which depends on internal equilibrium, which depends on external equilibrium.
1. Incentives: Barnard defines it "net satisfaction". This net satisfaction appears when gains increase or losses decrease. This is closely related to individual motive. Therefore it sometimes needs to change individual motives. "Method of incentive" and "method of persuation" are all necessary. Banard shows various kinds of incentives, too. He considers not only economic incentives but also non-economic incentives. Simon classifies incentives according to participators. He classifies participators into customer, employee and an enterpreneur or manager. Both Banard and Simon lay great importance on non-economic, social incentives.
2. Equilibrium of organization: Banard and Simon say that equilibrium of organization is the element indispensable to continuance and prosperity of organization. Banard regards this as efficiency of organization. This efficiency of organization consists of one in value formation and the other in value distribution. Simon regards incentives given to participators by organization as input, and says that the incentives "output" by their contribution are distributed again among participators.
Ⅶ. Theory of Informal Organization.
Barnard and Simon lay much importance on the functions of informal organization, which is apt to be overlooked. Informal organization is group formation which continues and repeats without any special conscientious joint purpose, according to Banard. He defines, "Informal organization is union of individual contacts or mutual actions, and group formation through human contact with one another". This informal organization, though consciously made, has many influencial powers. But he emphasizes that informal organization can neither continue nor progress without formal organization. Society consists of formal organizations, and formal organization is refreshed by informal organization. On the other hand, formal organization, once formed, creates and needs informal organizations. Informal organization has important functions in formal organization.
Ⅷ. Functions of the Management.
The Management is considered to exercise principal roles to maintain and improve organization in Banard's theory. He classified management's functions into following three kinds. 1. To maintain and improve communication system. He needs to maintain informal organization for this function. 2. To secure individual actions which forms materials of organization. 3. To define and formalize organization purpose.
Banard claims that administrator must do his functions as a part of organization and needs leadership with sense of adoptability and appropriateness and ability of responsibility. He says that leader has activeness, decisive ability, persuasive ability, sense of responsibility and knowledge. He puts too much importance on leader's ability.
Ⅸ. Conclusion.(Significance of Theories of Banard-Simon)
Firstly, they tried to establish organization theory as a social science. Banard indicated that too much emphasis on mental and psychologic process delayed the progress of social science. He tried to correct this error with his organization theories. He intended to find out common characters of organization. Simon was more anxious to establish organization theory as a scientific theory. He tried to do that with making jargons and conceptional tool useful for scientific analysis of validity about structure and operation. Simon's theory is regarded as first real organization based on scientific positivism in establishing general principles of human behavior.
Secondly, they include not only economic organization but also non-economic organization such as political, religional organization as their study object. Therefore, they seem to overlook technical side of organization and functions and organization specific to a business economy.
Lastly, their organization theory puts much importance on individuals. This point is the element that makes their theory entirely different from theories of their predecessors.
In the conclusion of his book, Banard emphasized importance of cooperation and concluded that the proportion between the enlargement of cooperation and the progress of individual can not be explained by science, but it is the question of philosophy and religion.
On the base of this classical theory, number of scholars are trying to establish more complete organization theory to slove many contradictions and oppositions existing in human society.
분석정보
서지정보 내보내기(Export)
닫기소장기관 정보
닫기권호소장정보
닫기오류접수
닫기오류 접수 확인
닫기음성서비스 신청
닫기음성서비스 신청 확인
닫기이용약관
닫기학술연구정보서비스 이용약관 (2017년 1월 1일 ~ 현재 적용)
학술연구정보서비스(이하 RISS)는 정보주체의 자유와 권리 보호를 위해 「개인정보 보호법」 및 관계 법령이 정한 바를 준수하여, 적법하게 개인정보를 처리하고 안전하게 관리하고 있습니다. 이에 「개인정보 보호법」 제30조에 따라 정보주체에게 개인정보 처리에 관한 절차 및 기준을 안내하고, 이와 관련한 고충을 신속하고 원활하게 처리할 수 있도록 하기 위하여 다음과 같이 개인정보 처리방침을 수립·공개합니다.
주요 개인정보 처리 표시(라벨링)
목 차
3년
또는 회원탈퇴시까지5년
(「전자상거래 등에서의 소비자보호에 관한3년
(「전자상거래 등에서의 소비자보호에 관한2년
이상(개인정보보호위원회 : 개인정보의 안전성 확보조치 기준)개인정보파일의 명칭 | 운영근거 / 처리목적 | 개인정보파일에 기록되는 개인정보의 항목 | 보유기간 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
학술연구정보서비스 이용자 가입정보 파일 | 한국교육학술정보원법 | 필수 | ID, 비밀번호, 성명, 생년월일, 신분(직업구분), 이메일, 소속분야, 웹진메일 수신동의 여부 | 3년 또는 탈퇴시 |
선택 | 소속기관명, 소속도서관명, 학과/부서명, 학번/직원번호, 휴대전화, 주소 |
구분 | 담당자 | 연락처 |
---|---|---|
KERIS 개인정보 보호책임자 | 정보보호본부 김태우 | - 이메일 : lsy@keris.or.kr - 전화번호 : 053-714-0439 - 팩스번호 : 053-714-0195 |
KERIS 개인정보 보호담당자 | 개인정보보호부 이상엽 | |
RISS 개인정보 보호책임자 | 대학학술본부 장금연 | - 이메일 : giltizen@keris.or.kr - 전화번호 : 053-714-0149 - 팩스번호 : 053-714-0194 |
RISS 개인정보 보호담당자 | 학술진흥부 길원진 |
자동로그아웃 안내
닫기인증오류 안내
닫기귀하께서는 휴면계정 전환 후 1년동안 회원정보 수집 및 이용에 대한
재동의를 하지 않으신 관계로 개인정보가 삭제되었습니다.
(참조 : RISS 이용약관 및 개인정보처리방침)
신규회원으로 가입하여 이용 부탁 드리며, 추가 문의는 고객센터로 연락 바랍니다.
- 기존 아이디 재사용 불가
휴면계정 안내
RISS는 [표준개인정보 보호지침]에 따라 2년을 주기로 개인정보 수집·이용에 관하여 (재)동의를 받고 있으며, (재)동의를 하지 않을 경우, 휴면계정으로 전환됩니다.
(※ 휴면계정은 원문이용 및 복사/대출 서비스를 이용할 수 없습니다.)
휴면계정으로 전환된 후 1년간 회원정보 수집·이용에 대한 재동의를 하지 않을 경우, RISS에서 자동탈퇴 및 개인정보가 삭제처리 됩니다.
고객센터 1599-3122
ARS번호+1번(회원가입 및 정보수정)