백제의 화성·오산 일대 진출과 지역 장악 = Baekje’s Advance into Hwaseong&Osan Areas and the Domination of the Region

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The region of Hwaseong and Osan, where local political forces were situated, was a crucial area that Baekje had to pass through in its southward expansion beyond Chungcheong. This study examines Baekje's strategy for its expansion southward and the process by which Beakje reinforced its central control, by comprehensively examining tombs and dwellings dating from the 2nd century to the 5th century.
It appears that local communities in the Hwaseong-Osan area had distinct characteristics across different river basins in terms of three aspects: whether the local culture was maintained, status, and affinity with Baekje. The Hwangguji and Balan stream basin sites have relatively weak regional color. On the other hand, the regional groups of the Jinwi and Osan stream basins maintained their own local color until the 5th century. The status of the local communities of the Jinwi and Osan stream basins remained high. And the Balan stream basin was characteristic in terms of high affinity with Baekje.
From the 4th century, Baekje attempted to dominate the areas through various methods, such as reorganizing existing villages, building fortresses, and bestowing prestige goods. The material culture of Baekje spread along the route of the Balan stream basin first, where the degree of integration of local groups was relatively weak.
From the mid-4th century, Baekje reorganized existing settlements and established new centers by building fortresses. In the Jinwi stream basin, Gilseong-ri Fortress was abandoned and the settlements reorganized around mid-4th century. In the 5th century, Baekje led the construction of a new fortress, Sogeun Mountain Fortress. In the process of constructing Sogeun Mountain Fortress, Baekje attempted to enhance the control over the region and establish a network of fortresses, connected with the transportation routes of the southern Gyeonggi Province. In the Osan region, Baekje established central settlements serving special functions such as farming and storage, and plenty of storage pits from the mid-4th century. It is presumed that the route connecting Osan-Hwaseong-Pyeongtaek was more actively used as Baekje's transportation route from the mid-4th century.
As the reorganization of settlements happened, prestige items came to be buried as grave goods in the major local tombs. The prestige goods excavated from the tombs implied Baekje’s intention to reshuffle the social order of local communities by selecting groups that had been cooperative with Baekje’s central power. At Soocheong-dong, the construction of large-scale tombs, which had been situated in the separate location stopped altogether from the 5th century. On the other hand, key tombs with prestige grave goods began to be constructed in a different burial zone. Meanwhile, in the Yo-ri area, the discovery of multiple gilt-bronze crown caps from a single site draws attention. It is difficult to interpret the metal craft items from the Yo-ri wooden cist tomb represent the authority of the highest-ranking leader in the region, given the burial structure, plain grave goods and nearby villages reorganized by Baekje. Rather, they appear to have been rewards given to an individual that had cooperated with the Baekje or tools used by Baekje for the reorganization of local powers. The prestige items in Hwaseong region, shows that the mere presence or absence of Baekje's prestige items cannot be used as a universal explanation for local governance methods.
From the mid-4th century, Baekje actively strengthened its dominance by reorganizing local settlements or building central fortresses. The bestowing of prestige goods to local groups was also a strategy to reconstruct the local internal order in a way favorable for Baekje.