발해의 고구려 역사 계승 문제 = The Parhae Kingdom of Successor of Koguryo

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Chinese argument that Parhae was not independent is based on the fact that a tribute - investiture relationship existed between Parhae and Tang Dynasty. Under this system, they argue, a king of Parhae was invested in with the title of "governor - general of Holhan Province" of the Tang Dynasty. But, even if we acknowledge the influence of the Tang Dynasty over East Asia, the investiture relationship at the time should be understood as a diplomatic formality in connection with the approval of royal successions, not as an act of governing provincial regimes of the Tang Dynasty.
Also, a tributary relationship is widely regarded as a type of official trade between the dynasties. According to the New History of the Tang Dynasty, Parhae always used its "own era names" and "freely offered" posthumous titles to deceased kings without Tang's approval. Furthermore, the epitaph uncovered from the tomb of Princess Jeonghyo, the fourth daughter of third king Mun revealed that Parhae called itself an empire like China and its king was addressed as the "emperor." In fact, Parhae was so independent as to launch an attack on Tang in A.D. 732 to prevent contacts between Tang and the "Heuksu Malgal" tribe under its control.
It should be acknowledged that Parhae succeeded Koguryo, because the state of Parhae was founded in the former territory of Koguryo and its population mostly consisted of Koguryo people, even though a number of Koguryo people had been forcibly relocated to other areas following the downfall of Koguryo in 668. In other words, the argument that the Malgals suddenly filled the old Koguryo territory lacks credibility.
The argument that Parhae was composed of the Malgals is based on the New History of the Tang Dynasty, which describes Dae Jo - young, the founder of Parhae, as a Malgal tribesman. Another reason with which the Chinese deny the relationship between Koguryo and Parhae is that both Old History and New History of the Tang Dynasty put Koguryo in the section of "Eastern Barbarian Dynasties," while Parhae was included in the section of "Northern Barbarian Dynasties." However, the History of Sui Dynasty put Koguryo and Parhae together in the Eastern Barbarian section.
In this context, we can detect the fact that the history writers since the Old History of the Tang Dynasty maintained a dynasty - centered historical perspective. Under this approach, they could not acknowledge Parhae, which was created 30 years after the fall of Koguryo, as a country that inherited Koguryo. In any case, it is an unmistakable fact that Parhae was a kingdom established in succession of Koguryo in terms of territory as well as the inhabitants. It is utterly unreasonable to argue that the Malgals suddenly replaced all Koguryo people in the old Koguryo territory or their population suddenly increased to outnumber the indigenous Koguryo people.
In addition, the key to understanding the composition of Parhae inhabitants is the fact that the tribal name "Malgal (Mo - ho)" was given by outsiders, not by the Malgals themselves. It is widely known that the forbearers of Malgal were Suksin before the Qin Dynasty and Eup - ru during the Han Dynasty.
These names were not used by the tribes themselves but were coined by different Chinese dynasties to refer to various "uncivilized" barbarian tribes around the periphery. It is unlikely that the Malgal people would change their own tribal name, or would they be willing to use such derogatory word as "Malgal." The term "Malgal" was coined based on the old Sino - centric and dynasty - centered historical perspective as a general term referring to ethnic minorities in the Northeastern borderland of the Tang Dynasty.
It was also a derogatory name for the inhabitants living in the periphery of Koguryo. In other words, the term "Koguryo people" were used to refer to the residents in and around the capital Pyongyang and the people residing in outlying areas were called the uncivilized "Malgals."
Records describe Dae Jo - young, the founder of Parhae, as "a Koguryo eccentric" or "a Sokmal Malgal." But, these descriptions of him do not mean that he could be either a Koguryo person or a Malgal person. It simply means that he was a "villager from the Songwha River in Koguryo." By the same token, it is also clear that the ethnicity of the ruling class and the ruled could not have been different.
We learn from the Old History of the Tang Dynasty the fact that Parhae succeeded Koguryo. The book says that the "customs of the two dynasties were the same." Customs generally include established practices related with the ceremonies of coming - of - age, marriage, funeral and ancestor memorial, as well as the language. So, the Chinese records themselves testify to the successive relationship between the two Korean dynasties. This relationship can also be confirmed through their shared cultural heritage. There are certain lasting traditions in human societies that do not change even with the passage of time. Among them are the burial style and the heating system.
For the tombs of Koguryo aristocrats, they relied mainly on masonry, such as stone chambers, stonewall and stone coffins. Parhae inherited this tomb style; a group of royal tombs in Yongcheonbu, the capital of Parhae, including the Tomb of Three Spirits (Samryeong Bun), were built in this manner. In the past, the earthen tombs in Parhae were thought to be the Malgal's typical grave pattern. Today, however, this type of tomb is known as a burial style for the commoners of Parhae, not a burial pattern of Malgal, which is a different tribe. All the commoners of Kognryo and Parhae were buried in earthen mounds and this type of burial was universal at the time.
Korea is the only country in the world where people with the last name "Tae" exist, and they claim they are the descendants of Dae Jo - young, the founder of Parhae. Korea is also the only country in the world where apartment houses are equipped with "Ondol," the traditional "hot -floor" heating system. The Ondol (warm rocks) system originated from Koguryo and the Parhae people also used the system. In the Old History of the Tang Dynasty, there is a description of Ondol: "In Koguryo, lives of ordinary people are mostly poor. In winter, a long hole is dug under the floor of a room and people keep charcoal fire there to keep the room wann." The Ondol strucrures are found in the Koguryo relics in Pyongyang and Jiban (presently Jian, Jilin Province, China). They are also discovered in the royal palace site in the capital of Parhae and the kingdom's surrounding areas such as the Littoral Province. All these findings are evidence that testifies to the successive relationship between the two Korean dynasties.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머리말
• Ⅱ. 中國의 渤海史에 대한 主張
• Ⅲ. 고구려를 계승한 자주국 발해
• Ⅳ. 맺음말