논 耕耘方法別 所要에너지와 벼 收量에 關한 硏究 = The Tilling Energy Requirements and Rice Yield by the Various Tillage Methods

국문 초록 (Abstract)

本 試驗은 논士壞에서 트랙터 및 耕耘機의 耕耘方法別 耕耘所要에너지를 側定分析하여 作物收量의 減少를 超來하지 않는 範圍內에서 耕耘에너지를 節減시킬 수 있는 最少耕耘方法을 究明함과 同時에 쟁기作業, 로타리作業, 深士破碎作業에 의한 士樓의 理化學性變化가 作物收量에 미치는 影響을 밝히고자 京鍵道 華城那에 所在한 德坪統 植壤士의 논에서 1980 年부터 1983 年까지 4 年間에 결쳐 實驗을 實施하였으며 그 主要結果를 緣合하면 다음과 같다.
1. 트랙터플라우의 奉引比批抗은 作業速度와는 一定한 相關이 없었으며 奉引馬力은 3.6~13.1ps 範圍로 牽引效率 및 燃料消耗量 等을 考慮할 때 트랙터플라우의 適正作業速度는 1.3~1.6 m/sec 이었다.
2. 耕耘機쟁기에 作用하는 水平牽引力은 117~123 kg, 牽引比低抗은 0.33~0.36 kg/㎠, 牽引馬力은 1.2~1.3ps 였으며 耕深 (x₁), 耕耘斷面積 (X₂) 과 牽引比低抗(Y)間에는 各各 Y=0.00193x₁²- 0.055x₁+ 0.686, Y=0.4619 X 10^(-5)x₂² + 0.0039x₂-0.493의 回歸關係가 成立되었다.
3. 深士破짧에 依한 破碎斷面은 부채꼴形狀으로 나타났으며 破碎깊이 30 cm의 경우 2.003 ㎠, 40 cm에서 2,743 ㎠, 50 cm에서 3,114 ㎠으로 破碎깊이가 깊어질수록 破碎斷面積은 增加하나 47ps 트랙터로는 40 cm가 適正深度이었다.
4. 比動力과 토우크는 乾沓로타베이터의 경우 各各 0.016~0.018ps/㎠ 및 0.015~0.020 kg·m/㎠範圍였고 湛水로다베이터의 경우 各各 0.006 - O.O11ps/㎠ 및 O.006~0.008 kg·m/㎠로 湛水作業時 그 값이 各各 顯著히 낮았으며 耕耘機 湛水로타리 作業時의 比動力은 0.007~O.009ps/㎠로 트랙터 및 耕耘機로타리 作業間에는 큰 差 가 없었다.
5. 10 a 當 純粹耕耘에너지 投下量은 耕耘機쟁기 作業 1.24 X 10³kcal/lOa, 트랙터 플라우作業 1.68 X 10³kcal/10a, 耕耘機湛水로타리 作業 1.87 X 10³kcal/10a, 湛水로타베이터作業 3.18 X 10³kcal/10a, 乾沓로타베이터作業 6.04 X 10³kcal/lOa의 順이었으며 耕耘에너지投下量은 牽引作業이 驅動作業보다 湛水狀態의 作業이 乾畓狀態의 作業보다 적게 나타났다.
6. 總耕耘所要馬力에 對한 純粹耕耘馬力의 比인 純作業馬力係數는 乾畓로다베이터의 경우가 0.91 로 耕耘方法中에서 가장 컸고 耕耘機쟁기作業時 0.26으로 가장 적게 나타났으며 騙動作業時보다 牽引作業時 純作業馬力係數가 낮았다.
7. 4年동안 耕耘作業에 投下된 總 에너지는 트랙터慣行區, 耕耘機慣行區, 乾畓로타베이터區는 35.6~37.1 X 10³kcal/10a로 큰 差가 없었고 湛水로터베이터區가 트랙터 慣行區의 63%인 22.46 X 10³kcal/lOa로 가장 적었고 深士破碎湛水 및 乾畓區는 各各 40.1 X 10³kcal/10a, 53.5 X 10³kcal/10a 로 다른 處理區에 比하여 所要에너지가 顯著히 높았다.
8. 上壞理化學性은 耕耘方法間에는 年次別로 뚜렷한 傾向이 나타나지는 않았으나 耕耘深度가 높아짐에 따라 士樓物理性 改善效果가 크고 置換性陽이온 및 有效硅酸含童이 높았으며 士壞假比重과 孔陳率, 孔陳率과 硬度사이에는 逆相關의 關係가 있었고, 이들 土壤物理性과 收量과는 相關이 낮은 것으로 나타났다.
9. 耕深 15 cm인 耕耘機慣行區에 比하여 耕耘 20 cm 트랙터慣行區가 3 個年間 年 6~10% 增收되었으며 4年次에서 耕耘方法間에 1%水準에서 有意性이 있었고 트랙터 慣行區는 다른 處理區보다 增收되어 深耕의 深果는 3 年程度 持續되는 것으로 判斷된다.
單位面積當 耕耘에너지投下量, 作物收量 等을 考慮할 때 3~4 年에 한번씩 反轉耕으로 深耕한 後 2~3年間은 로타베이터에 依한 攪拌耕만을 實施하는 것이 效率的일 것으로 判斷된다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study was carried out from 1980 to 1983 at silty clay loam paddy fields in Gyonggi-Do to investigate the influence of tractor tillage methods on the physical and chemical properties of soil and the rice yields, and thus to find out the most effective land preparation methods for paddy based on the above results. The results were summerized as follows:
1. Specific draft resistance of the moldboard plow didn't show distinct relationship with plowing speed. Total draft was between 3.6 and 13.1 ps . Considering the tractive efficiency and fuel consumption, the optimum speed of tractor for plowing found to be 1.3 to 1.6 meter per second.
2. The horizontal draft, the specific draft resistance and power requirements of plowing of Janggi for power tiller were 117 to 124 kilogram, 0.33 to 0.36 kilogram per square centimeter and 1.2 to 1.3ps respectively. The specific draft resistance(y) was found to be functions of plowing depth (X₁) and plowing cutting area (X₂) as follows:
y = 0.00193 X²₁ - 0.055 X₁ + 0.686
y = - 0.4619 × 10^(-5) X²₂ + 0.0039 X₂ - 0.493
3. The cross section of soil disturbance of subsoiling was fan-shaped, and the soil disturbance area was 2,003, 2,743 and 3,114 square centimeter for respective subsoiling depths of 30, 40 and 50 centimeter. The optimum subsoiling depths in 47 horse power tractor was 40 centimeter.
4. Specific power and specific torque for rotary tilling by tractor were 0.016 to 0.018 ps per square centimeter and 0.015 to 0.020 kilogram-meter per square centimeter for dry operation, 0.006 to 0.011 ps per square centimeter and 0.006 to 0.008 kilogram-meter per square centimeter in wet land operation respectively. They were considerably low in wet land operation. Specific power of rotary tilling by power tiller was 0.007 to 0.009 ps per square centimeter In wet land operation, and was not significantly different from the tractor's.
5. The net tilling energy inputs per unit area (one hectare) were 12.4×10³ kcal per hectare for plowing by power tiller, 16.8×10³ kcal per hectare for plowing by tractor, 18.7×10³ kcal per hectare for soil preparation by power tiller, 31.8×10³ kcal per hectare for rotary tilling by tractor in wet land and 60.4×10³ kcal per hectare for rotary tilling by tractor in dry land.
6. The coefficient of net working power which is defined as a ratio of net work horse power to total power requirement of rotary tilling in dry land was the highest as 0.91 and that of plowing by power tiller was the lowest as 0.26.
7. The total amount of energy input for tilling during 4 years of rotavating wet plot was 225×10³ kcal per hectare, which is only 63 percent of tractor conventional plot's. But other plots except subsoiling plots showed not much difference as 356 to 371×10³ kcal per hectare. Especially plots of subsoiling of wet and dry land operation required higher energy rcquirements than any other plot.
8. Annual changes in physical and chemical properties of soil were not significant between treatments. But it was recongnized that the properties such as available silica and exchangeable cation was improved in deep tillage. The relationships between bulk density and porosity of soil appeared to be negatively correlated, and the same relationships were found between the porosity and the soil hardness.
9. Rice yield of tractor conventional plot which is 20 centimeter deep tillage was 6 to 10 percent higher than that of power tiller plot. Effect of tillage method on rice yield was significant at one percent level at the end of fourth year and rice yield of the tractor tilling plot appeared to be higher compared with other plots, and therefore it was cons ide red that the effect of the deep tillage lasted about three years. It was considered that deep tilling by tractor once in every 3 to 4 year and rotary tilling operation only during remaining 2 to 3 years would be the most profitable in respect to the energy input and rice yield.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• ABSTRACT
• 緖言
• 硏究史
• 材料 및 方法
• 結果 및 考察
• 綜合考察
• 摘要
• 引用女獻
• 附表