법조일원화 시대의 법관전문화 방안 = Judicial Specialization after Adopting Common Law Appointment System in Korea
저자
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
2021
작성언어
-주제어
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
1-429(429쪽)
제공처
The primary role of the judiciary is to adjudicate disputes that come before it and provide legal remedies for those whose rights were infringed through fair trials overseen by impartial and independent judges. In modern society, where legal disputes are more complicated due in part to enormous economic growth and the development of various sectors in society, the judiciary is also responsible for the full realization of the people's right to a fair trial by enhancing quality and efficiency of justice through specialization.
With the revision of the Court Organization Act in 2011, South Korea introduced a new judicial appointment system, modelled after the common law appointment system, that unified the legal profession by selecting judges from practicing lawyers and prosecutors who possessed sufficient legal experience. The need to “appoint” judges with specialized knowledge and experience to ensure expertise in trials has, therefore, become more important than the need to “train” existing judges to become specialized. In order to encourage excellent legal professionals with special knowledge and experience to apply for judgeships, the judicial system should assign judges with specialized knowledge to specialized courts or divisions where they could continue working within their area of expertise. This would be possible only when the current personnel system for judges is reformed so judges selected for each specialized field could work for a long time at the same court or division.
Such required reform can be achieved effectively only when the reform is carefully designed considering the entire judicial system, as well as the existing personnel system and the judicial practice of case assignment among judges. In order to provide more specialized judicial service, the Judiciary of Korea has established specialized courts, such as patent court, family court, administrative court, insolvency court, and other various specialized chambers in general courts. In addition, in order to diversify judges, the Judiciary of Korea has implemented a system of appointing specialized judges, via personnel transfer, who can serve long periods of time in family courts, and a system of judges in charge who are exclusively responsible for specific types of cases, such as small claim cases in general courts. Individual specialized courts have also been developing internal systems to strengthen their own specialities. Despite all of these efforts for specialization, the current personnel systems for judges have caused limitations in improving the specialization of the judiciary. That is, the current centralized method of appointing judges nationwide without giving individual courts the discretion to select judges makes it difficult to recruit professional judges in each specialized field. Moreover, under the current system, judges rotate every 2-3 years between courts, making it impossible for judges to continue their work on similar types of cases for a long time at the same court. These systems have been fundamental barriers to the judicial specialization in Korea.
Systems for recruiting and appointing judges varies among different legal systems. Since the judicial appointment system of Korea is in a state of transition from the European civil law system (where judges are appointed immediately following a judicial training program) to the English common law system (where judges are selected from practicing lawyers and prosecutors who possessed sufficient legal experience), it would be helpful to examine different ways for the specialization of judiciaries of both common law countries and European countries to lay groundwork for institutional designs. This research thus conducts comparative legal research on the judicial specialization in both civil law countries (i.e., Italy, France, the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, Denmark, and Sweden) and common law countries (i.e., the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and the United States). In particular, lessons can be drawn from the English judicial selection process, by which judges were appointed for each particular area, and from their system for diversification of judges, by which fee-paid part-time judges were utilized in various specialized areas. Implications could be also found from the European countries’ systems that are based on the non-transferability provisions, under which judges may remain in their post to work on similar types of cases continuously at the same court. It is also noteworthy that some European countries have adopted assistant judge or deputy judge system for areas that require specialized knowledge; this system contributes to the diversification of judges and the effective training of judges with special knowledge. The implications drawn from the comparative legal analysis may shed light on how Korean courts could enhance judicial specialization.
The Judiciary of Korea should endeavor to improve quality and efficiency of trials through specialization; however, it should not forget that specialization is a means for the full realization of the people’s right to a fair trial. It should be also kept in mind that the specialization of judges shall not damage the impartiality of judges and independence of trials, and other necessary costs and existing judicial conditions of specialization must be carefully considered as well as its effectiveness.
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