韓國의 都市化 : 第3部 人口面으로본 1960-1970年間의 都市化 = Urbanization in South Korea, 1960-1970
저자
洪慶姬 (慶北大學校 師大 地理科)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1973
작성언어
Korean
KDC
980.000
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
87-110(24쪽)
제공처
소장기관
Urbanization is one of the great problems this modern world faces. It is true of Korea. With this fact in mind, this study aims at analysing the process of South Korean urbanization, making comparision with that of the past and foreign countries and then grasping the characteristics of the urbanization during the period 1960-1970.
I had made studies on the Korean Urbanization up to 1960, including that of both the Japanese and after-liberation period which appeared on the Kyungpook University Theses Coll. Vol. 6 & 7. This paper dealt with urbanization from 1960 to 1970. The materials used were in the main the census report in 1960, 1966 and 1970.
Major contents of analysis are:
Ⅰ. increase of total urban population
1. actual increase and percentage of increase
2. comparision with other countries
Ⅱ. population by Shi and Gun
Ⅲ. increase in the number of city (Shi)
Ⅳ. urban population increase by size categories
Ⅴ. population increase by cities
Ⅵ. population growth in Seoul
Ⅶ. urban population increase by period
Ⅷ. urbanization and change of its related phenomena
1. urbanization and change of industrial structure
2. economic growth and urbanization
3. urbanization and change of other related phenomena
The process of South Korean urbanization during the period of 1960-1970 in view of the above items, along with its characteristics can be summarized as follows:
(1) The urban population was increased from 6,996,746 to 12,955,265 persons during the above ten years, thus showing 85.2 percent increase while 25.9 percent increase was seen in the national population. This tells the decrease in the national population growth rate hardly affects urbanization.
Korean urban population growth rate is not only higher than the average growth rate of every ten year when the industrial nation was the fastest in its speed of urbanization but higher than the average growth rate of the recent ten years in the developing countries.
Increase in percent of population urban (13.2%) above ten years is higher than that shown in every country, during the last ten years, in which statistics are available, except Japan, Sweden, Ireland, and the time required for it is the shortest.
(2) The ratio of urban (Shi) population against the national population is 41.2%. This level is exactly or nearly the same of that in U.S.A. and France in 1900; Japan in 1944; Sweden in 1945; Mexico in 1950; Ireland in 1951. The urbanization, if Eup population belonging to the urban category in Korea included, takes up 53.3 %- just half of South Korean population is urban dwellers.
(3) The rate of urban inhabitants in cities having a population over 100,000, against the national population, which is an important index to the comparison of urbanization between nations, reached more than one third of the national population (37.7%) in 1970, thus arriving at the level of "almost completely urbanized country" by Kingsley Davis. The 14.9% increase in rate of population urban having over 100,000 persons in the last ten years is higher than that of any intercensal period. The twenty two years needed for the number of urban poputation over 100,000 persons to be increased from 10 to 30 % of the national population is shorter than that of the developed countries. "The later a nation become industrialized is, the faster its urbanization becomes" can be applicable.
(4)Gun population growth during the period marks only 2.9%. In the latter half of the pericd (1966-1970). an absolute and relative decrease (about 520,000 persons or 4.7%) in Gun population was seen for the first time after 1910 except the period of Korean War. In this respect, it is different from the general tendency seen in the developing country that in spite of urbanization rural population increases. The ratio of Gun population of national population was on the decrease. (72% in 1960, 66.4% in 1966, 58.8% in 1970)
(5) Five cities were born during the period, showing 19 percent of increase in the number of cities. The increase in population classes for many Shis and the advent of new Shis these gave a remarkable change to the urbanization profile.
(6) In view of population categories, ① cities with more than a million people sharply increased, ② cities with 100,000∼1,000,000 were second in increase, ③ Those with 50,000∼100,000 decreased, ④ those with more than 50,000 vanished. This proves the global tendency that the bigger a city is the higher the population growth.
(7) The growth of Seoul is a remarkable phenomenon in the urbanization of this period. Seoul became the eighth metropolis in the world with its population of over five millions in 1970. She holds 17.6 percent of the national population, 42.7% of the urban population, outruns the next ranking city at the rate of 2.9. The population growth rate during the period is 126%. Of the population increased, social increase holds 79.4%.
(8) The phenomena related with urbanization during 1960-70 developed remarkably. With the selected 32 index to measure the changes in the industrial structure, economic growth, industrialization, productions other than manufacturing industry, transportation and communication, cultural aspect, the rate of increase in each index during 1960-1970 was calculated and compared with that of urban population (Table 12). Only seven index such as communication and culture was underlying than the urban population growth. In spite of rapid urbanization, the related phenomena proceeds faster than or keeps pace with it.
In short, the new tendency shown in the process of South Korean urbanization in 1960-1970 is passing out of the development pattern in the developing countries and beginning to stepping into the pattern characterized by the developed countries.
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