산업혁명 시기 영국 기술선도의 요인 = Factors Making Britain Lead Technological Progress During the Industrial Revolution

국문 초록 (Abstract)

영국이 세계 최초로 산업혁명을 경험하게 된 이유에 관해 그간 많은 연구와 논쟁이 이루어져 왔다. 이 논문은 기존의 연구들을 대표하는 세 접근법, 즉 영국 예외주의적 설명, 생산요소 상대가격 설명, 산업계몽주의 설명을 대상으로 하여 연구와 논쟁의 진행과 성과에 관해 재조명하였다. 사회문화적 요인을 강조하는 영국 예외주의적 접근법은 기준이 주관적이며 국제적 비교가 어렵다는 문제점을 지닌다. 생산요소의 상대가격이 기술진보의 속도와 방향을 결정했다는 접근법은 일반화에 유리하고 국제적 비교가 용이하다는 장점이 있으나, 영국을 이은 유럽의 후발공업국들에 관한 설명력은 미흡하다는 한계를 지닌다. 석탄의 매장과 국제무역망의 장악을 강조한 포메란츠의 연구도 세계적 맥락에서 영국이 유리했던 요인을 보여 주기는 하지만, 다른 유럽 국가들의 경험을 설명하는 데에는 어려움이 따른다. 산업계몽주의는 범 유럽적인 계몽주의 사조의 연장선에 산업혁명이 있는 것으로 파악한다. 영국은 지식과 기술의 공공성을 강조하는 산업계몽주의로부터 이익을 얻었으며, 유용한 지식에 대한 접근비용을 낮추는데 성공함으로써 산업혁명에 가장 일찍 진입할 수 있었다. 산업혁명의 성공을 생산요소의 투입 증가나 사회제도적 요인으로 설명하는 주장보다는 산업혁명 시기 경제를 초기적 지식경제로 보는 주장이 더 타당하다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

There have been a great body of researches and debates as to why Britain experienced the first Industrial Revolution. The paper reviews three recent threads of research, namely those based on British exceptionalism, relative factor prices, and the Industrial Enlightenment. British exceptionalism approach focuses on the social and cultural elements characteristic to British society. This approach criticized as subject to arbitrary judgement and difficult to make international comparisons. Factor price approach stresses that the relative prices of productions factors determined the speed and direction of technological progress. Its main strength lies in the easiness to compare internationally. But it has difficulty in explaining the industrialization of the Europeans nations following the British experience. Pomerantz`s thesis that coal deposits and global trade networks were the key for British success has similar limitations. Industrial Enlightenment approach put Industrial Revolution in the context of pan-European phenomenon of the Enlightenment. British economy benefitted from the Industrial Enlightenment as the latter emphasized the public nature of knowledge and technology. By lowering the access cost for useful knowledge, Britain was able to be the first nation to enter he industrialization process. In this regards, this paper argues that it is useful to interpret British Industrial Revolution from the perspective of the early case of knowledge-based economy.

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