고려시대 토지소유의 욕망과 절제: 토지론(土地論)을 중심으로 = The desire of land possession and the moderation in it during the Goryo Dynasty

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In spite of longtime awareness of land ownership, the spirit of Royal domain (王土意識) became another practice under the international order of investiture system. And it was represented in gathering firewood, farming livestock, providing for cultivating lands and distributing farmlands for officials, along with the principle of carving a melon with the people(與民共利) by the Confucian ideology. The state prohibited the personal occupations of wastelands but allowed in case of fitting in with the ideology of the Rule of Right(王道政治). Owing to the restricted legal occupation of those, the wealthy and influential acquired lands by reclamations or taking another`s lands in case of obligation defaults. But holding the farming land as a government official was appreciated undesirable. The accomplishments of benevolent politics(仁政) in order to pursue an ideal politics by the Rule of Right requires properly fixed division(正經界). And the standard of that division seems to be a principle about both land providing and harvest distribution(分田制祿) based on moral point of right or unright view beyond the geographical boundary. In this connection, Lee Jae-hyon(李齊賢) found fault with the Dynastic land distribution system because it has only the annual payments for the Rule(the Noble, 君子) without regarding for the ruled(the producer or the peasant, 小人). Actualy with the serious increase of the illigal farmland amalgamations, such problem brought arguments among the new noblity(新興士大夫) around the perception gap between the public interest(公) and the privite one(私) in connection with the division. At the end of the Dynasty extensive dispossession of peasants and their farmlands caused the decrease of government internal revenue, the lack of annual payments to officials and the collapse of another peasants. Then most of the rule blamed for the harmful effect of the distributed farmlands for officials. But behind those state of affairs were there illigal and power related farmlands having been swerved from the individual domination system. About this, Jo Jun(趙浚) described the reason why highly evenhandly distributed lands are privatized as the result of human greeds. But Jung Do-Jyon(鄭道傳) made a judgement that the privatizing is due to the structual factors caused by tenant farming in the name of self cultivation. In those days the perception between the public interest and the privite one includes moral viewpoint which is opposing logic between natural principle(天理) and human selfish interest(人欲) derived from the new Confucianism. Consequently the pursuit of public interest in division was just connected with viewpoints surrounding the moderation in human selfish interest. At that time most of Confucianists who comprehended natural disasters as a punishment of Heaven belived the ancestral land system as the alternative to pursue under the logic that the issue of division suould be resolved from the highly public point of view. For instance Lee Saek(李穡) believed that those ploblems caused by the expension of farmlands through the disspossion could be resolved by recovering the system, whereas the Dynastic revolutionaries thought that the current land distribution system(私田) should be perished in order to restore the utmost publicness(至公) as the system had already collapsed down. Over the specific action, Jung Do-Jyon(鄭道傳) regard the withdrawal of distributed lands as an accomplishment of the utmost publicness but most of the ruler believed that the recovery of fair land distribution spirit(均田意識) is to accomplish it. Eventually, the original plan of Jung Do-Jyon was frustrated, having been willing to control the large scale farming through respecful treatment for both the rule and the ruled. And the reformation of those days ceased to the rebuilding of current land distribution system focused on equal taxation. After the reform related to land ownership is discouraged, the occupation of wastelands became practices and so thus were there devolopment of the private farm by slavery system(民田型農莊).