Charles Eliot, landscape architect

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• CHAPTER Ⅰ INHERITANCES = 1
• Eliots, Lymans, Peabodys and Derbys = 1
• inherited taste for out-of-door art = 2
• early travel = 3
• inherited enjoyment of scenery = 4
• CHAPTER Ⅱ GENERAL EDUCATION = 5
• School work = 5, 15, 16
• committing poetry to memory = 5
• predilections for history and natural history = 6, 7
• imaginative sports = 7
• riding, camping, and making plans = 7
• camping at Mt. Desert and Naushon = 9
• journeys to Florida and in New England = 13, 14
• cross-country walks = 14
• drawing lessons = 15
• cruising in the Sunshine = 11, 17
• entering college = 17
• sketching = 20
• reading = 24
• Camp Champlain = 25, 26
• the house at Mt. Desert = 27
• mother = 16, 27
• college course = 28
• CHAPTER Ⅲ PROFESSIONAL TRAINING - APPRENTICESHIP = 32
• Choice of profession = 32
• Bussey Institution = 33
• admitted to the office of Frederick Law Olmsted = 34
• inspecting works in progress = 35, 36, 39
• draughting, plant orders, planting-plans = 37
• Arnold Arboretum = 38, 44, 45
• absorbing Mr. Olmsted's principles = 37, 39, 40
• instructive designs in progress - Belle Isle, Lawrenceville School, Back Bay Fens, Boston and Albany stations, City Point, Franklin Park = 40
• notes of landscape, of trees, shrubs, and vines by their uses, of contracts, and prices = 43
• walks and excursions = 45
• first earnings = 48
• CHAPTER Ⅳ LANDSCAPE STUDY IN EUROPE. LONDON AND PARIS = 50
• Objects in going to Europe = 50
• journal, correspondence, sketches, lists, and notes during the year = 50
• Liverpool and Chester = 51, 52
• London and the neighborhood in winter = 52
• London parks = 52
• Kew = 53
• Hampstead and Highgate = 55
• Epping Forest = 56
• Bedford Park and Pinner = 57
• Harrow-on-the-Hill = 58
• Ashstead Park = 62
• Dorking and vicinity = 63
• Reading-room of the British Museum = 56, 58, 67
• ugly London, delightful country = 53, 59
• pictures = 52, 61, 67, 69, 70
• visit to Oxford = 67
• Canterbury = 68
• Paris and the neighborhood in winter = 69
• She of Melos = 70
• Paris parks = 70
• some curiosities of Paris = 75
• CHAPTER Ⅴ LANDSCAPE STUDY IN EUROPE. THE RIVIERA = 76
• Lyons, Fourvi$$\grave e$$res, Parc de la T$$\hat e$$te d'Or - prospects, perspectives, plantings = 76
• Avignon - new scenery = 79, 80
• Provence Marseilles - a glorious prospect = 80
• Hy$$\grave e$$res - a lovable place = 82, 83
• Cannes = 84
• Vallombrosa and Larochefoucauld compared = 85
• Antibes - gardens, sea-views, and sunsets = 88, 89, 92
• Nice = 90, 94, 95
• a lovely garden = 93
• Eze - a picturesque hill-village = 95
• Mentone = 96, 99
• the spring outburst = 97
• Monte Carlo gardens, and Monaco = 98
• the Riviera a lovely dream = 99
• Bordighera, San Remo, Alassio = 100
• a sand beach = 102
• Genoa - puerile gardens, fine palaces = 102, 103
• Santa Margherita and Portofino - a hill-piercing cove = 104
• Pisa = 107
• Florence - the setting of a city = 108
• Venice -the perfectest spot = 113
• Lake Como - a beautiful lakeside = 114
• describing scenery = 115
• by St. Gotthard and Lucerne to Paris = 116
• CHAPTER Ⅵ LANDSCAPE STUDY IN EUROPE. PARIS AGAIN = 119
• The Salon = 119
• Paris squares well used = 120
• Mons. Andr$$\acute e$$'s methods of executing his designs = 121
• Exhibition d'Horticulture = 122
• Bois de Boulogne = 122
• the gardens of Versailles - the Petit Trianon the best part = 123
• Ferri$$\grave e$$res - a costly country-seat = 124
• Ermenonville - the park use of waters = 126, 127
• Buttes-Chaumont and the garden of the Luxembourg compared = 128
• Mortefontaine - concealing public roads, ponds held by dams, a place of landscape charm = 129, 130
• the vicinity of Havre = 131
• the difficulty of getting advice = 132
• CHAPTER Ⅶ LANDSCAPE STUDY IN EUROPE. THE SOUTH OF ENGLAND = 133
• Parks, gardens, and woods about Southampton = 133
• the New Forest = 134
• true English scenery = 134
• Salisbury and Wilton = 135
• famous nurseries = 136
• Bicton Park, Hayes Barton, and Salterton = 138
• Dawlish and Powderham - river, port, cliffs, gardens, castle, and park = 139, 140
• Teignmouth - another town on a spit = 140
• Torquay, Kingswear, Dartmouth - lovely places recalling the Riviera and Lake Como = 141, 142
• by the Dart to Totness = 143
• Port Eliot = 143
• Plymouth and Mt. Edgcumbe = 144, 145
• Clovelly - a quaint, steep village = 146
• Lynmouth - an ecstatic spot = 147
• a superb region = 148
• Dunster, Wells, and Bath = 149
• Bowood - woods, deer, Pinetum, lakeside, and terrace gardens = 150
• CHAPTER Ⅷ LANDSCAPE STUDY IN EUROPE. LONDON AND THE NORTH = 152
• Parks, nurseries, and gardens in and near London in July = 152
• Cambridge = 154
• Matlock Bath - the Pavilion Gardens = 156
• Chatsworth and Haddon Hall = 157
• the Pavilion Gardens of Buxton = 158
• the parks of Manchester and Preston = 158
• the Lake country - scenery of its sort the perfectest imaginable = 159
• to Edinburgh by Carlisle and Glasgow = 162, 163
• CHAPTER Ⅸ LANDSCAPE STUDY IN EUROPE. HAMBURG, DENMARK, SWEDEN, AND RUSSIA = 164
• The water parks of Hamburg = 164
• Kiel = 166
• Copenhagen = 167
• the Frederiksberg-Have = 168
• the Castle of Elsinore = 170
• Skodsborg and the royal forest = 170
• Charlottenlund = 171
• into Sweden and to Stockholm = 172
• a water-girt and water-cut city = 173
• scenery and flora like that of the Maine coast = 174
• Upsala = 177
• the approach to Finland = 178
• Helsingfors - gardens, wooden houses, and fences = 179
• the ride to St. Petersburg = 180
• a huge, long-distance city = 180
• the Botanical Gardens = 180
• Peterhof = 181
• the park of Yelagin Island, mixed water, greensward, and wood = 182
• the Imperial Park, Pavlofsk - a charming piece of scenery = 184
• the emptiness of St. Petersburg's streets = 185
• CHAPTER Ⅹ LANDSCAPE STUDY IN EUROPE. GERMANY, HOLLAND, AND HOMEWARD = 187
• The dull ride to Berlin = 187
• the Berlin Botanical Garden, and the city squares = 188
• seeing the government park and forest work about Berlin under the guidance of Dr. Carl Bolle = 188
• Muskau - the most remarkable and lovable park on the Continent = 190, 191
• Dresden - the gallery, the Elbe, Pillnitz and its arboretum = 192
• Leipsic parks = 193
• Weimar and its park = 194
• Eisenach - framings and foregrounds for the Wartburg = 194
• Wartburg = 195
• Wilhelmsthal, a simple, quiet place = 196
• Wilhelmsh$$\ddot o$$he, huge of its kind, but a bad kind = 196
• Arnhem - a road of villas = 197
• an open villa-garden = 198
• the park of Sonsbeck = 198
• the Hague and the beach of Scheveningen = 199
• real Dutch landscape = 200
• Repton's cottage = 201
• the Pavonia ashore = 201
• CHAPTER XI STARTING IN PRACTICE. FIRST WRITING = 204
• Methods of practice = 204
• first planting design = 207
• the suburbs in March = 208
• the Longfellow Memorial = 210
• engagement = 214
• laying out the Norton estate in Cambridge = 214
• Anglomania in park making = 215
• the beginnings of landscape art - a short list of books and papers = 219
• CHAPTER XII THREE CONGENIAL UNDERTAKINGS. Two PARKS AND A CHURCH SITE = 224
• The Common at Newburyport = 224
• the village church at Weston = 225
• the White Park at Concord, N. H., = 227
• a typical New England scene = 228, 231
• fit and distinctive beauty = 233
• CHAPTER XIII TWO SCENERY PROBLEMS - MARRIAGE = 234
• An avenue entrance = 234
• a new approach-road on a large estate = 235, 236
• cutting down precious trees = 235
• marriage = 238
• CHAPTER XIV SIX OLD AMERICAN COUNTRY-SEATS = 240
• The Gore Place, Waltham, Mass., a lesson in simplicity and harmony = 240
• the Lyman Place, Waltham, Mass. - helping and not forcing Nature = 243
• the Cushing-Payson Place, Belmont, Mass., a comprehensive design ; Clermont on the Hudson, a manor-house with great Locusts on the river bluff = 250
• Montgomery Place, second to no seat in America for its combination of attractions = 253
• Hyde Park - broad, stately scenery - nothing which does not contribute to the effect of the whole = 256
• CHAPTER XV THE FUNCTION OF THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT = 261
• For what object to employ the landscape architect = 261
• the problems of landscape architecture = 262
• horticulture and design in the surroundings of houses = 263
• the house scene = 266
• the house and its surroundings one composition = 267
• the suburban house scene = 268
• the inappropriate house setting = 269
• planting about a suburban house = 270
• the country-seat = 271
• the definitions of architecture and landscape architecture = 272
• CHAPTER XVI SELECTED LETTERS TO PRIVATE OWNERS, TRUSTEES, OR CORPORATIONS = 275
• A planting-plan for house grounds = 275
• an improvement of station grounds = 280
• laying out a new estate at Irvington on Hudson = 281
• a new country-seat near Boston = 285
• a town site on Salt Lake, Utah = 286
• the Harvard Yard = 291, 292
• perfecting an old cemetery = 293
• selecting a site for a college or academy = 296, 297
• a suburban garden = 298
• the park at Youngstown, Ohio = 298
• a seaside village = 301
• CHAPTER XVII ADEQUATE OPEN SPACES FOR URBAN POPULATIONS, AND PUBLIC OWNERSHIP OF COAST SCENERY = 304
• Parks and squares of United States cities = 304
• the coast of Maine - its scenery, trees, history, and summer colonies = 308
• the danger of the present situation = 314
• defenses against the danger = 315
• CHAPTER XVIII THE TRUSTEES OF PUBLIC RESERVATIONS = 316
• The Waverley Oaks - a plan for their preservation for the people = 316
• a metropolitan open spaces commission suggested = 317
• the suggestion of scenery trustees = 319
• interesting the Appalachian Mountain Club = 319
• giving effect to an existing public sentiment = 321
• an outline of the scheme = 326
• the first public meeting = 328
• the committee to promote the establishment of a board of trustees = 330
• circulars issued by this committee = 330
• framing a bill = 333, 334
• the act passed = 335
• the need of parks = 336
• the first gift to the trustees = 344
• the first work of the trustees = 345
• the Province Lands = 346
• a similar association in England = 349
• CHAPTER XIX THE CREATION OF THE PRELIMINARY METROPOLITAN PARK COMMISSION OF 1892-93 = 351
• A meeting called by the Trustees of Public Reservations = 351
• a committee appointed to prepare a memorial to the legislature = 352
• the trustees present a petition = 353
• numerous supporting petitions for an inquiry = 353
• a public hearing = 353
• the appointment of the Commission to inquire = 355
• the argument presented in 1890 = 356
• legitimate efforts to procure beneficent legislation = 357
• CHAPTER XX WRITINGS IN 1891 AND 1892 = 358
• A German country park = 358
• landscape gardening in its relations to architecture = 363
• arboriculture in its relations to landscape = 367
• the formal garden in England = 372
• beautiful villages = 375
• fine scenery should be preserved as a matter of business = 379
• CHAPTER XXI THE WORK OF THE METROPOLITAN PARK COMMISSION OF 1892 = 380
• Appointed landscape architect to the Commission = 380
• the main lines of action = 381
• photographs = 381, 382
• the prophetic map = 382
• composition, powers, and resources of a permanent commission = 383
• "picturing" the open spaces still obtainable near Boston = 383
• the report to the Commission of 1892 = 384
• the creation of the permanent Commission = 412
• the landscape architect's bill = 413
• notes on the map, and key to the figures on the map = 413
• CHAPTER XXII FAMILY LIFE - JOINING THE OLMSTED FIRM = 416
• The home at Brush Hill = 416, 417
• joining the Olmsted firm = 418
• the home in Brookline = 418, 419
• CHAPTER XXIII GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN SELECTING PUBLIC RESERVATIONS AND DETERMINING THEIR BOUNDARIES = 420
• Preliminary study of metropolitan park boundaries = 420
• studies for two other commissions = 421
• a large pond as park = 422
• parks for Cambridge = 423
• reservations in a seashore town(Winthrop.) = 429, 430
• reservations for a bay-shore city = 430
• a sea-beach as reservation = 435, 436
• a forest and pond reservation = 437
• a forest reservation = 439
• parks, parkways, and pleasure grounds - purposes, government, sites and boundaries, general plans or designs, and construction = 441
• CHAPTER XXIV LETTERS OF 1894 ON METROPOLITAN PARK WORK = 452
• Precautions against forest fires = 453
• provisional paths in the forests, maps, and bounds = 454
• halving Stony Brook reservation = 455
• the first parkway legislation = 456
• approaches to Middlesex Fells = 457, 461
• the Blue Hills parkway = 459, 460
• parkways must be metropolitan work = 462
• improving reservation boundaries = 464
• the Mystic Valley parkway = 467
• continuous border roads = 468
• abandonments of land once taken = 469
• parkway studies = 470
• public ownership of watercourses = 471
• history of the lands taken = 472
• geology of the reservations = 473
• CHAPTER XXV LETTERS OF 1894 CONCERNING PARKS NOT METROPOLITAN = 474
• The treatment of abused commons = 474
• concerning a design for Fresh Pond Park, Cambridge = 476
• the field house on Cambridge Field = 478
• roads and paths should be placed on the best lines = 479
• Morton Park at Newport = 480
• what four acres can furnish = 482
• the Copps Hill terrace, and North End beach = 484
• CHAPTER XXVI FIRST SEVENTEEN MONTHS OF THE EXECUTIVE METROPOLITAN PARK COMMISSION = 487
• Landscape architects' report for 1893 = 488
• landscape architects' report for 1894 = 492
• determination of boundaries = 492
• exploration of the lands acquired = 494
• work to be done in the reservations = 498
• proposed reservations = 504
• metropolitan parkways = 508
• CHAPTER XXVII LETTERS OF 1895 ON PARKS METROPOLITAN AND OTHER = 513
• Names, signs, and permanent marks in the metropolitan reservations = 513, 514
• pleasuring in the Fells = 515
• parks for Waltham - Prospect Hill and Charles River = 516
• pleasure grounds for Chelsea = 519
• the Snake Creek parkway = 519
• Cambridge Field - the uses of a field house = 520
• paths in a small city square = 522
• Buttonwood Park at New Bedford- pond, house, playgrounds, circuit drive, meadows, and sheep = 523
• a suburb round a common = 527
• CHAPTER XXVIII REPORTS OF THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS FOR 1895 TO THE METROPOLITAN AND BOSTON PARK COMMISSIONS = 528
• Altering the boundaries of the forest reservations - good changes and bad = 528
• general designs for exhibiting and improving the scenery of these reservations should await the completion of the topographical maps = 530, 532
• costly roads on wrong lines are unadvisable = 531
• Beaver Brook Reservation = 532
• Mystic Valley parkway = 533
• Charles River Reservation - the dam = 534, 535
• Revere Beach = 535, 536
• metropolitan parkways = 537
• extent of the metropolitan public open spaces = 541
• hoardings - the advertising plague = 542
• humanized landscape = 543
• a public park cannot closely resemble either a farm or a country-seat = 544
• CHAPTER XXIX WHAT WOULD BE FAIR MUST FIRST BE FIT = 546
• Art out of doors = 546
• man transforms natural scenery = 547
• the Italian villa one composition = 548
• the differing gospels of out-of-door beauty = 549
• beauty founded on rationality = 551
• man improves primitive landscape = 554
• CHAPTER XXX CHARLES RIVER -1891-96 = 557
• The most important park problem in the metropolitan district = 557
• first report of the Charles River Improvement Commission of 1891-93 - the natural features, history, and present(1892) condition of the river, and its best uses = 559
• far-seeing recommendations of this Commission = 569
• second report of the Commission of 1891-93 = 570
• the Joint Board of 1893 on the improvement of Charles River = 571
• landscape report to the Joint Board = 571
• the river as drain = 572
• the river as open space = 574
• its banks to become a residence quarter = 575
• the lower river should be converted by a dam into a pond = 576
• the fresh-water section = 578
• the marsh section = 578
• river drives and a speedway = 579
• the basin section = 580
• the argument for a dam = 582
• the project for a dam arrested = 584
• what the damming of Charles River would accomplish - the lesson of Muddy River = 584
• sea-walls along the river undesirable = 590
• the choking of the river mouth - a new North Station = 591, 592
• CHAPTER XXXI POLICY AND METHODS OF THE METROPOLITAN PARK COMMISSION, 1896 = 593
• Distribution of the reservations = 594
• additional reservations = 595
• the parkway problem = 596
• general plan of the metropolitan reservations - marshes, rivers, hills, woods, brooks, beaches, ocean, bay shores, two special parkways, no general scheme of parkways = 599
• a great work accomplished = 608
• the financial machinery = 609
• the composition of the Commission = 609
• its professional experts = 610
• its construction department = 611
• payments = 611
• the co$$\ddot o$$peration of many communities in an undertaking requiring foresight, discrimination, and skill = 612
• CHAPTER XXXII SELECTED LETTERS OF 1896 = 613
• A busy summer = 614
• chances which Boston has lost = 615
• dangerous abandonments of metropolitan lands once taken = 615, 616
• the edges of Charles River Basin = 617
• the proposed Charlesmouth bridge = 618
• the duties of park keepers = 619
• a memorial to Elizur Wright = 621
• looking into or over a park, and looking out of it - bordering screens, rights of abutters, many entrances undesirable = 622
• special bicycle paths unfit for parks = 625
• the best use of a city playground = 628
• landscape art a part of architecture = 629
• CHAPTER XXXIII MAKING GOOD USE OF THE SKILL AND EXPERIENCE OF A LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT = 632
• Advice concerning the house site on a large estate = 632
• on improving the grounds of an institution = 635
• concerning the house site on a sea-side estate = 639
• on the arrangement of the buildings of a college = 640
• on the comparative value of two tracts of land for a town park = 642
• CHAPTER XXXIV GENERAL PLANS. 1894-97 = 646
• Early work in the reservations(summer of 1894) = 647
• maps should precede road-building = 649
• general designs should precede woodland work = 650
• guiding plans needed at once(1896) = 653, 654
• general plans are simply programmes of work = 655
• the inevitable results of "letting Nature alone " are monotony, obliteration of existing scenery, and additional ultimate expense = 657, 658
• the wastefulness of planless work = 659
• road-plans should be made so as to develop scenery resources = 660
• well-reasoned planning a necessity = 661
• plantations in parks - the uses of the axe = 664, 665
• widening a makeshift road = 667
• CHAPTER XXXV REVERE BEACH. 1896 = 668
• Primary questions about Revere Beach = 668
• avoiding bulkheads and sea-walls - the promenade = 671
• pleasure drive, and traffic way = 672
• pavilions, terraces, and bath-houses = 673
• alternative schemes = 675
• the bath-houses placed on the landward side of the reservation = 677
• the matured opinion of the experts = 677, 678
• a unique public provision = 679
• CHAPTER XXXVI REPORT TO THE METROPOLITAN PARK COMMISSION FOR 1896 = 680
• Topographical maps and botanical list completed for the forest reservations = 680, 681
• mapping of the woods and ground-cover nearly completed = 681
• piecemeal, hap-hazard work uneconomical = 681, 682
• pleasing scenery a human product = 682
• Charles River Reservation = 683
• Revere Beach Reservation = 686
• making the very best of the beach = 687
• river-side and seashore strips particularly desirable as reservations = 688
• metropolitan parkways = 689
• CHAPTER XXXVII SELECTED LETTERS OF JANUARY, FEBRUARY, AND MARCH, 1897 = 690
• The true distinction between construction and maintenance in park work = 690
• true park planting is neither gardening nor forestry = 693
• the best places about Boston for speedways = 694
• the Charles River Basin again = 695
• a Revere Beach parkway = 696, 697
• the Olmsted firm makes formal designs as well as picturesque = 699
• planting the Boston Harbor islands = 699
• the Botanic Garden in Bronx Park = 701, 702
• the Outdoor Art Association = 703
• report for 1896 to the Boston Park Commission = 704
• CHAPTER XXXVIII LANDSCAPE FORESTRY IN THE METROPOLITAN RESERVATIONS = 709
• The treatment of the reforested pastures = 710
• of the sprout-lands = 711, 712
• foremen of woodcraft suggested = 713
• the forest survey = 714
• vegetation and scenery in the reservations = 715
• the object of the investigation = 715
• the methods pursued = 717
• the principal types of the vegetation - the summit = 718
• the swamp = 720, 721
• the coppice = 721
• the field and pasture = 726, 727
• the bushy pasture = 727
• the seedling forest = 729
• conclusions = 731, 732
• the kind of work in the living woods which ought to be begun at once = 733
• a method of work proposed = 734
• beginning forest work in the Blue Hills = 735
• rescue work in the Fells = 736
• CHAPTER XXXIX METROPOLITAN PARKS AND PARKWAYS IN 1902 = 737
• The design of 1892 and its execution up to December, 1901 - rock-hills = 737
• ponds and streams = 738
• bay and sea = 739
• expenditures of the Commission = 740
• designs awaiting execution = 741
• CHAPTER XL THE LAST DAYS = 742
• The Hartford parks = 742
• death = 744
• bodily, mental, and moral qualities = 744
• the fruition = 747
• creed and character = 748
• APPENDIX
• Ⅰ Circular as to professional methods and charges = 751, 752
• Ⅱ Circular letter asking for names of persons who ought to be invited to a meeting to promote the preservation of fine scenery or historical sites in Massachusetts = 752
• Ⅲ Committee action preliminary to the creation of the Trustees of Public Reservations = 753
• Ⅳ Draught of a General Order respecting the government of the Metropolitan Reservations, and of Rules for the Conduct of Keepers = 756
• Ⅴ Articles of Agreement between the Trustees of the Keney Estate, Hartford, and Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot = 759
• INDEX = 761
• KEY to the letters and figures on the map of December, 1901, in the right-hand pocket of the cover = 768