7세기 唐의 諸衛將軍號 수여와 蕃將의 대응

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study analyzed the way in which the Tang managed foreign generals, focusing on the foreign generals granted the title of General of the Sixteen Guards in Tang Dynasty in 7th Century. The total number of foreign generals holding the title of one of the Generals of the Sixteen Guards in Early Tang is over two hundred seventy. This phenomenon requires review on its cause and result. This phenomenon did not draw attention in previous scholarship and the studies dealing with both the Imperial Guards and foreign general are very few. Even those studies inductively mentioned command of the Imperial Guards as one of roles of foreign general by generally listing examples of performing duty, and detailed analysis was not carried out.
When Tang granted foreign generals the title of General of Sixteen Guards and at the same time governor-general or head who was approved authority for control over a tribe, it is not likely that Tang Court expected them to function as the commander of the Imperial Guards. This measures aimed to manage other tribal groups who lived in surrounding areas of the empire rather than expecting a role of General of Sixteen Guards in the capital city from foreign generals. It would be unreasonable to expect them to successfully perform the duty of General of Sixteen Guards in an area, the size of which was double to eight times of the upper limit of the rotational duty for militia troops. Furthermore, considering the duty of outer vassal, this means inefficient operation of the Empire. In short, many of General of Sixteen Guards’ titles for foreign generals were not actual ones, but empty titles (假銜) showing the position of a leader for nomadic tribes. This measures was intended to prevent reorganization of threatening power to Tang by forming new powers and making tribes and clans oppose each other.
On the part of foreign generals, they had double-sided responsibility for both Tang Court and their own tribe. Participation in expedition was to “subjugate for Tang”, while, for the tribes, expedition was recognized as plundering war where booty could be obtained and royal gift was distributed. That is, the balance between both cases was an important task for both foreign generals and the Tang state, but actually the balance was not maintained well.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 머리말
• Ⅰ. 唐前期 禁軍體系와 諸衛將軍號 수여 양상
• Ⅱ. 唐의 蕃將 관리 지향점
• Ⅲ. 蕃將의 세력기반과 이해관계
• 맺음말
• 참고문헌

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 馬馳, "李謹行家世和生平事迹考, In 唐代的歷史與社會" 武漢大學出版社 1997
• 2 王曉衛, "李衛公問對, 李衛公問對全譯" 1998
• 3 王雲五, "禮記, 禮記今註今譯 上" 商務印書館 1974
• 4 吳松弟, "兩唐書地理志匯釋" 安徽敎育出版社 2002
• 5 李松濤, "論契丹李盡忠․孫萬榮之亂, In 盛唐時代與東北亞政局" 上海辭書出版社 2003
• 6 陳寅恪, "論唐代之蕃將與府兵" 1957
• 7 丁載勳, "위구르 유목제국사" 문학과 지성사 2005
• 8 이기천, "당전기 당조의 번장 관리와 제위장군호 수여" 서울대학교 대학원 2011
• 9 鄭炳俊, "당으로 들어간 백제유민―부여융․흑치상지 등 1세대―, In 百濟 遺民들의 活動" 충청남도 역사문화연구원 2007
• 10 김정희, "당 전기의 화이관과 변경 정책" 중국고중세사학회 (15) : 229-271, 2006
• 11 拜根興, "高句麗遺民高足酉墓誌銘" 12 : 2001
• 12 程大昌, "雍錄" 中華書局 2002
• 13 "隋書" 中華書局
• 14 段連勤, "隋唐時期的薛延陀" 三秦出版社 1988
• 15 谷川道雄, "隋唐帝國形成史論" 筑摩書房 1971
• 16 陳志謙, "阿史那忠碑誌考述" 2002
• 17 馬馳, "鐵勒契苾部的盛衰與遷徙" 1999
• 18 杜佑, "通典, (校點本)通典 全5冊" 中華書局 2007
• 19 司馬光, "資治通鑑(全20冊)" 中華書局 1976
• 20 謝保成, "貞觀政要, 貞觀政要集校" 中華書局 2003
• 21 付永聚, "論唐代胡漢民族之間的混融互補"
• 22 介永强, "論唐代天寶時期蕃將與宰相的權爭" 1999
• 23 馬馳, "蕃將與武則天政權" 1991
• 24 "舊唐書" 中華書局
• 25 林超民, "羈縻府州與唐代民族關係" 1985
• 26 日野開三郞, "突厥黙啜可汗の興亡と小高句麗國" 8 : 1984
• 27 岑仲勉, "突厥集史" 中華書局 1958
• 28 林幹, "突厥與回紇史" 內蒙古人民出版社 2007
• 29 吳玉貴, "突厥汗國與隋唐關係史硏究" 社會科學出版社 1998
• 30 丁載勳, "突厥 第二帝國時期(682-745) 톤유쿠크의 役割과 그 位相" 47 : 1994
• 31 西嶋定生, "皇帝支配の成立, In (岩波講座)世界歷史 4" 岩波書店 1970
• 32 谷川道雄, "東アシア世界形成期史的構造, In 隋唐帝國と東アジア世界" 汲古書院 1979
• 33 馬馳, "李光弼" 陝西師範大學出版社 1996
• 34 張沛, "昭陵碑石" 三秦出版社 1993
• 35 "新唐書" 中華書局
• 36 李昉, "文苑英華" 中華書局 1966
• 37 布目潮渢, "布目潮渢中國史論集 上" 汲古書院 2003
• 38 黃樸民, "小議李靖對番․漢兵關系的認識" 1994
• 39 上官鴻南, "大唐創業與北朝蕃姓餘裔" 1995
• 40 伊瀨仙太郞, "塞外系內徙民に對する唐朝の基本的態度" 15 (15): 1956
• 41 孫鐵山, "唐李他仁墓誌考釋, In 遠望集 下" 陝西人民美術出版社 1998
• 42 李林甫, "唐六典" 中華書局 1992
• 43 金浩東, "唐의 羈縻支配와 北方 遊牧民族의 對應" 197 : 1993
• 44 姜維東, "唐麗戰爭中的蕃將" 2002
• 45 정병준, "唐朝의 高句麗人軍事集團" 동북아역사재단 (24) : 177-206, 2009
• 46 池田溫, "唐朝處遇外族官制略考, In 隋唐帝國と東アジア世界" 汲古書院 1979
• 47 蘇航, "唐朝北部邊軍における蕃․漢將の地位について—開元後期から天宝末期までを中心に—" 大阪敎育大學歷史學硏究室 41 : 2004
• 48 王溥, "唐會要" 上海古籍出版社 2006
• 49 "唐契苾明墓發掘記" 1998
• 50 이효재, "唐太宗期 西北遊牧君長의 宿衛와 對外遠征 從軍" 역사학회 (206) : 99-137, 2010
• 51 宋敏求, "唐大詔令集" 中華書局 2008
• 52 金澔, "唐前期의 北衛禁軍" 한국중국학회 (56) : 231-253, 2007
• 53 艾冲, "唐前期東突厥羈縻都督府的置廢與因革" 18 (18): 2003
• 54 丁載勳, "唐初의 民族政策과 西北民族의 中國 認識" 19 : 1995
• 55 陳志學, "唐代重用蕃將略論" 1987
• 56 孫繼民, "唐代行軍制度硏究" 文津出版社 1999
• 57 章羣, "唐代蕃將硏究續集" 聯經出版社 1990
• 58 章羣, "唐代蕃將硏究" 聯經出版社 1986
• 59 馬馳, "唐代蕃將" 三秦出版社 1990
• 60 古怡靑, "唐代府兵制度興衰硏究" 新文豊出版公社 2002
• 61 張國剛, "唐代官制" 三秦出版社 1987
• 62 羅香林, "唐代天可汗制度考, In 唐代文化史" 臺北商務印書館 1955
• 63 周紹良, "唐代墓誌彙編 續集" 2001
• 64 周紹良, "唐代墓誌彙編 上․下" 上海古籍出版社 1992
• 65 蒙曼, "唐代前期北衙禁軍制度硏究" 中央民族大學出版社 2005
• 66 谷口哲也, "唐代前半期の蕃將" 9 : 1978
• 67 石見淸裕, "唐代テュルク人墓誌とその史料的價値, In 中國石刻資料とその社會­北朝隋唐期を中心に" 汲古書院 2007
• 68 菅沼愛語, "唐代の契丹と突厥第二可汗國" 8 : 2009
• 69 박한제, "唐代 六胡州 州城의 建置와 그 運用 -‘降戶’安置와 役使의 一 類型-" 한국중국학회 (59) : 187-223, 2009
• 70 石見淸裕, "唐の建國と匈奴の費也頭, In 唐の北方問題と國際秩序" 汲古書院 1998
• 71 礪波護, "唐の官制と官職, In 唐代政治社會史硏究" 同朋舍 1986
• 72 山下將司, "唐のテユルク人蕃兵" 881 : 2011
• 73 石見淸裕, "唐․突厥關係史の新史料" 4 : 1991
• 74 王小甫, "唐․吐蕃․大食政治關係史" 中國人民大學出版社 2009
• 75 金浩東, "古代遊牧國家의 構造, In 講座中國史 2" 지식산업사 1989
• 76 王欽若, "冊府元龜" 鳳凰出版社 2006
• 77 吳綱, "全唐文補遺" 三秦出版社 1994
• 78 周紹良, "全唐文新編" 吉林文史出版社 2000
• 79 宮崎市定, "九品官人法の硏究" 京都大學內東洋史硏究會 1956
• 80 이성규, "中華帝國의 팽창과 축소: 그 이념과 실제" 역사학회 (186) : 87-133, 2005
• 81 李成珪, "中國의 分裂體制模式과 東아시아 諸國" 8 : 1996
• 82 伊瀨仙太郞, "中國西域經營史硏究" 巖南堂 1981
• 83 李成珪, "中國帝國의 分裂과 統一 —後漢解體 以後 隋․唐 統一의 형성과정을 中心으로―, In 歷史上의 分裂과 再統一 上" 一潮閣 1992
• 84 菅沼愛語, "七世紀後半の｢唐․吐蕃戰爭｣と東部ユーラシア諸國の自立への動き" 66 : 2009
• 85 Bingham, Woodbridge, "The founding of the T'ang dynasty : the fall of Sui and rise of T'ang" Octagon Books 1970
• 86 Graff, David Andrew, "The Early Tang Military, In Medieval Chinese Warfare 300-900" Routledge 2002