Do Not Forget the Past: A Buffer-Aided Framework for Relay Based Key Generation

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

We address relay-assisted key generation whereintwo wireless nodes, that have no direct channel between them,seek the assistance of an intermediate relay to generate secretkeys. In a celebrated version of the relay-assisted protocol, asapplied by Lai et al., Zhou et al., Wang et al., and Waqas etal., the relay node generates pair-wise keys with the two nodes,and then broadcasts an XOR version of the two keys. Althoughsuch protocols are simple and effective, we observe that theyface reduction in key rates due to two problems. First, forconfidentiality, the relay broadcasts an XOR function of the pairwisekeys thereby pruning the length of the shared key to be theminimum of the key lengths of the pair-wise keys. Secondly, thebroadcast phase may also experience outages thereby not beingable to share the generated key in every round of the protocol.
Identifying these issues, we propose a buffer-aided relayingprotocol wherein buffer is used at the relay to store unusedsecret bits generated in the previous rounds of the protocol so asto provide confidentiality in the subsequent rounds of broadcast.
On this buffer-aided protocol, we propose a power-allocationstrategy between the phases of key generation and broadcast soas to maximize the throughput and key rate. Rigorous analysesshow that buffer-aided relay when implemented along with theproposed power-allocation strategy offer remarkable advantagesover existing baselines.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 A. D. Wyner, "The common information of two dependent random variables" 21 (21): 163-179, 1975
• 2 M. Waqas, "Social-aware secret key generation for secure device-to-device communication via trusted and non-trusted relays" 17 (17): 3918-3930, 2018
• 3 P. Xu, "Simultaneously generating secret and private keys in a cooperative pairwiseindependent network" 11 (11): 1139-1150, 2016
• 4 M. Wilhelm, "Secure key generation in sensor networks based on frequency-selective channels" 31 (31): 1779-1790, 2013
• 5 H. Zhou, "Secret key generation in the two-way relay channel with active attackers" 9 (9): 476-488, 2014
• 6 R. Guillaume, "Secret key generation from static channels with untrusted relays" 2015
• 7 S. Nitinawarat, "Secret key generation for correlated Gaussian sources" 58 (58): 3373-3391, 2012
• 8 K. Ren, "Secret key generation exploiting channel characteristics in wireless communications" 18 (18): 6-12, 2011
• 9 U. M. Maurer, "Secret key agreement by public discussion from common information" 39 (39): 733-742, 1993
• 10 X. Tang, "Secrecy outage analysis of buffer-aided cooperative mimo relaying systems" 67 (67): 2035-2048, 2018
• 11 S. Mathur, "Radiotelepathy:Extracting a secret key from an unauthenticated wireless channel" 2008
• 12 C. D. T. Thai, "Physical-layer secret key generation with colluding untrusted relays" 15 (15): 1517-1530, 2016
• 13 T. Shimizu, "Physical-layer secret key agreement in two-way wireless relaying systems" 6 (6): 650-660, 2011
• 14 R. Nakai, "Physical layer security in buffer-statebased max-ratio relay selection exploiting broadcasting with cooperative beamforming and jamming" 14 (14): 431-444, 2019
• 15 Nasser Aldaghri, "Physical layer secret key generation in static environments" 15 : 2692-2705, 2020
• 16 Y. Sun, "On the monotonicity, log-concavity, and tight bounds of the generalized Marcum and Nuttall Q-functions" 56 (56): 1166-1186, 2010
• 17 A. Abdi, "On the estimation of the K parameter for the Rice fading distribution" 5 (5): 92-94, 2001
• 18 X. Liao, "On security-delay trade-offin two-hop wireless networks with buffer-aided relay selection" 17 (17): 1893-1906, 2018
• 19 M. W. Hirsch, "On algorithms for solving f(x)= 0" 32 (32): 281-312, 1979
• 20 H. M. Furqan, "New physical layer key generation dimensions : Subcarrier indices/positions-based key generation" 25 (25): 59-63, 2021
• 21 J. He, "Link selection for security-qos tradeoffs in buffer-aided relaying networks" 15 : 1347-1362, 2019
• 22 F. Benedetto, "LOS/NLOS detection by the normalized Rayleigh-ness test" 2009
• 23 C. Ye, "Information-theoretically secret key generation for fading wireless channels" 5 (5): 240-254, 2010
• 24 Y. L. Luke, "Inequalities for generalized hypergeometric functions" 5 (5): 41-65, 1972
• 25 H. Jagadeesh, "Group secret-key generation using algebraic rings in wireless networks" 70 (70): 1538-1553, 2021
• 26 T. M. Cover, "Elements of information theory" Wiley 1991
• 27 D. L. Hall, "Derivation of K-factor detection statistics to discriminate between LOS and NLOS scenarios" 2021
• 28 Q. Wang, "Cooperative secret key generation from phase estimation in narrowband fading channels" 30 (30): 1666-1674, 2012
• 29 L. Lai, "Cooperative key generation in wireless networks" 30 (30): 1578-1588, 2012
• 30 R. Ahlswede, "Common randomness in information theory and cryptography-Part I : Secret sharing" 39 (39): 1121-1132, 1993
• 31 I. Csiszar, "Common randomness and secret key generation with a helper" 46 (46): 344-366, 2000
• 32 R.Wilson, "Channel identification : Secret sharing using reciprocity in ultrawideband channels" 2 (2): 364-375, 2007
• 33 Y. Huang, "Channel frequency responsebased secret key generation in underwater acoustic systems" 15 (15): 5875-5888, 2016
• 34 Y. Polyanskiy, "Channel coding rate in the finite blocklength regime" 56 (56): 2307-2359, 2010
• 35 F. Rottenberg, "CSI-based versus RSS-based secret-key generation under correlated eavesdropping" 69 (69): 1868-1881, 2021
• 36 Jing Wan, "Buffer-aided two-hop secure communications with power control and link selection" 17 (17): 7635-7647, 2018
• 37 Jing Huang, "Buffer-aided relaying for twohop secure communication" 14 (14): 152-164, 2015
• 38 L. Lai, "A unified framework for key agreement over wireless fading channels" 7 (7): 480-490, 2012