보조사의 의미론 = Semantics of Focus Particles in Korean

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper aims to define the concept of ‘bojosa’s in Korean which differentiates them from case markers, and establish the methodology of describing their meanings, and to reveal the system within their different meanings and uses. Our findings are as follows. First, ‘bojosa’s are paradigmatic markers which indicate the semantic relation between the referents of preceding phrase and contextually contrastive entities, while case markers are syntagmatic markers which mark dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads. Second, while case markers are used to mark the informational focus, ‘bojosa’s are used to mark the contrastive focus and invoke alternative sets. So ‘bojosa’s are defined as focus particles. Third, ‘bojosa’s and their focus aren’t always adjacent because they can be adjoined to the most important part of the focus. But the focus can’t be extended beyond the c-command domain of ‘bojosa’s. Fourth, ‘bojosa’s are subdivided into additive, exclusive, comparative, extent classes in terms of the semantic relation between the focus and their alternative sets. Exclusive ‘bojosa’s are subdivided into excluding one and excluded one. The former is again divided into weak one and strong one, and the latter represent the result of exclusion. Fifth, ‘bojosa’s have semantic shift according as their alternative sets are scalar or non-scalar. Exclusive ‘bojosa’ man show the reversal of scale according as it is on a sufficient context or a necessary context. Sixth, the semantic relation between (i)na and do is orthogonal, (i)na and man have common scalar values, (i)rado has both the properties of (i)na and do. Seventh, adverbs jom, hanbeon, da are under the process of grammaticalization into ‘bojosa’s, namely focus particles in Modern Korean in terms of their combinatorial properties and their function of invoking alternative sets.

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