익명표현의 자유에 대한 비판적 고찰 = Critical consideration of freedom of anonymous expression

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

With the introduction of the Internet real-name system and the Constitutional Court ruling in the early 2010s, multiple research has been executed on the Constitutional Court’s ruling. And as a result, research on freedom of expression and freedom of anonymous expression was intensively conducted until the mid-2010s. Since then, however, almost no research has been conducted on freedom of anonymous expression. Considering the development and changes in online media and Social Networking Services since 2010, the issue needs to be revisited.
The content and scope of freedom of expression in ancient Greece and even in the 17th century were very different from today. Even John Milton, the author of Areopagitica, thought that the freedom of the Catholics did not need to be guaranteed. Even after Areopagitica, freedom of expression was emphasized as a very important element during the French Revolution in the process of America’s separation from Britain. The issue of anonymity in freedom of expression has been a continuous issue since the 14th century.
Regarding freedom of anonymous expression, the Constitutional Court ruled that the Internet real-name system was unconstitutional in 2012, and about the real-name Internet bulletin board system during the election campaign, it ruled that it was constitutional in 2010 and 2015, but changed its position and ruled it unconstitutional in 2021. However, the Constitutional Court ruled that the identity verification system on public institution bulletin boards was constitutional in 2022, making it clear that freedom of anonymous expression cannot be guaranteed indefinitely.
When considering the fact that public bulletin boards are a channel through which the general public can convey their opinions in the realm of ‘nation vs. individual,’ such a decision does not seem to be desirable.
Today's media environment is very different from the past. The biggest change is that, unlike in the past, individuals produce more information than any other information-producers. However, in the process, anonymity serves as one of the main causes of fake news and hate speech. Considering all the circumstances, the anonymity in freedom of expression should be guaranteed to the maximum extent possible in the ‘individual-to-state’ dimension, but it would be desirable to guarantee it to a relatively weak level in the ‘individual-to-individual’ domain.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 이창호 ; 이호영, "포털 이용자들의 포털 뉴스이용패턴 및 포털의 언론역할에 관한 인식" (46) : 2009
• 2 권혜영, "정치적 익명표현의 자유-강제적 신원공개(compelled disclosure)법률에 대한 미연방대법원 판례를 중심으로" 19 (19): 2013
• 3 황창근, "정보통신망법상 본인확인제에 대한 공법적 고찰" 14 (14): 2008
• 4 장성호, "인터넷에서의 표현의 자유와 익명 표현" 37 (37): 2013
• 5 이준복, "인터넷에서 표현의 자유 보장을 위한 헌법적 고찰-<인터넷 실명제를 중심으로>-" 14 (14): 2013
• 6 박경신, "인터넷과 표현의 자유 규제 : 익명성 규제와 전파성 규제를 중심으로" (90) : 2014
• 7 황용석, "인터넷게시판 실명제에 대한 비판적 연구: 익명적 표현의 권리를 중심으로" 15 (15): 2007
• 8 박경신, "인터넷 실명제의 위헌성" 15 (15): 2009
• 9 문재완, "인터넷 실명제와 익명표현의 자유" (352) : 2005
• 10 황성기, "인터넷 실명제에 관한 헌법학적 연구" 25 (25): 2008
• 11 조소영, "인터넷 선거운동 법제화의 현실검토와 헌법적 범주에서의 새로운 법제화를 위한 연구-인터넷 실명제 검토를 중심으로-" 9 (9): 2008
• 12 허진성, "인터넷 본인확인제에 관한 한 연구" 15 (15): 2009
• 13 장선미 ; 성기용, "익명표현의 자유에 대한 헌법적 검토" 20 (20): 2016
• 14 변순용, "익명성과 사이버 책임의 관계에 대한 연구" (57) : 2004
• 15 곽병선, "사이버명예훼손에 관한 규제상의 문제점 및 대응방안" 23 : 2006
• 16 정필운, "사이버공간에서 표현의 자유의 제한과 그 한계- 헌재 012.8.23. 2010헌마47, 252(병합) 결정과 후속 논의에 대한 비판적 검토-" 23 (23): 2013
• 17 권창국, "사이버공간에 있어서 표현의 자유와 한계-사이버공간에서의 명예훼손에 대한 형사법적 규제와 인터넷실명제 도입 문제를 중심으로-" 19 (19): 2008
• 18 이항우, "사이버 폭력의 사회적 구성과 인터넷 실명제-비판적 담론 분석" (79) : 2008
• 19 곽영길, "사이버 공간상의 표현의 자유에 대한 국가규제의 한계" 7 (7): 2011
• 20 이춘구, "사상의 자유시장이론 전개의 법적 고찰-연원과 현대적 발전을 중심으로" 10 (10): 2015
• 21 이부하, "디지털 사회에서 익명표현의 자유와 잊혀질 권리에 대한 법적 고찰" 23 (23): 2022
• 22 허완중, "기본권의 대사인적 효력과 기본권보호의무 그리고 기본권충돌의 관계" 25 : 2014
• 23 박용숙, "‘익명표현의 자유’의 보호-미국 연방대법원 판결을 중심으로-" 45 (45): 2021
• 24 Simone Chambers, "Truth, Deliberative Democracy, and the Virtues of Accuracy : Is Fake News Destroying the Public Sphere?" 69 (69): 2021
• 25 Arhur D. Santana, "The effect of anonymity on civility in onlinenewspaper reader comment boards" 8 (8): 2014
• 26 이준석, "SNS상에서 표현의 자유와 인격권간 갈등해소 방안에 대한 연구-법･제도적개선방안을 중심으로-" (13) : 2021
• 27 이준석, "SNS상 표현의 자유와 명예훼손간 충돌 위기 완화를 위한 법･제도적 연구" 14 (14): 2021
• 28 John Stuart Mill, "On Liberty" John W. Parker and Son 1859
• 29 Sergio Andres Castano-Pulgarin, "Internet, social media and online hate speech. Systematic review" 58 : 2021
• 30 Jacob Mchangama, "Free Speech-A history from Socrates to Social Media" Basic Books 2022
• 31 Alan K. Chen, "Free Speech, Rational Deliberation, and Some Truths About Lies" 62 : 2020
• 32 Jack M. Balkin, "Digital Speech and Democratic Culture : A theory of Freedom of Expression for the Information Society" 79 (79): 2004
• 33 John Christian Laursen, "Censorship in the Nordic Countries, ca. 1750–1890 : Transformations in Law, Theory, and Practice" 3 (3): 2005
• 34 Randy Robertson, "Censorship and conflict in seventeenth-century England : the subtle art of division" Pennsylvania State University Press 2009
• 35 Nathaniel Persily, "Can Democracy Survive the Internet?" 28 (28): 2017
• 36 Jason A. Martin, "Anonymity as a Legal Right : Where and Why It Matters" 16 (16): 2015
• 37 Enrico Berti, "Ancient Greek Dialectic as Expression of Freedom of Thought and Speech" 39 (39): 1978