19세기 러시아의 조선 진출과 백두산 등반 = A Study on the Russia's Entry into Korea and Climbing Mt. Baekdu in the 19th Century

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this paper is to expand the horizons of research on Mt. Baekdu by investigating the background and characteristics of climbing Mt. Baekdu by Russians in the 19th century.
Mt. Baekdu is the highest mountain in both the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria, and is also the source of the Yalu River, the Tuman River, and the Songhwa River. Most of the border connecting the Yalu River, Mt. Baekdu, and Tuman River borders China, but the border at the mouth of the Tuman River borders Russia.
Russia's climbing Mt. Baekdu was carried out as part of the Great Game between Britain and Russia. Russia, which annexed the Maritime Province in 1860, took the policy of maintaining the status quo in Northeast Asia for a while, but from 1895 when the Sino-Japanese War ended to 1904 when it lost to Japan in the Russo-Japanese War, it actively pursued the Southern Policy to advance to Joseon and Manchuria. Russia's climbing Mt. Baekdu took place during this period.
Britain, which won the two Opium Wars, strengthened Geomundo Island in 1885 to prevent Russia from entering the East Sea when Russia occupied Tsushima Island in 1861 and established diplomatic relations with Joseon in 1884. The first time Britain's climbing Mt. Baekdu was in 1886, a year after Geomundo Island was strengthened.
After the Sino-Japanese War ended and Russia's intervention of the Tripartite Intervention was successful, Strelbitsky became the first Russian to climb Mt. Baekdu and travel to Manchuria in 1895. Strelbitsky, who saw the origin of the Tuman River on his way to climb Mt. Baekdu, went down to the crater and explored the Cheonji Lake, the highest in the world among Lake Caldella.
Russia's massive ascent of Mt. Baekdu is directly related to the Joseon Dynasty's Agwanpacheon. Russia, which secured a patent for deforestation on the Yalu River from the Joseon Dynasty, which was sent a large-scale Zvegintsov exploration team to Joseon in 1898.
Garin-Mikhailovsky, who joined the expedition, not only climbed Mt. Baekdu and explored the borderline from the Tuman River, through the Mt. Baekdu, and to the mouth of the Yalu River. Garin-Mikhailovsky confirmed the origins of three rivers: the Yalu River, the Tuman River, and the Songhua River which rise in Mt. Baekdu.
The significance of the Russian's climbing to Mt. Baekdu is that they did not simply climb Mt. Baekdu, just like the British who climbed it years earlier, but also checked the origins of the three rivers and explored the borderline of Joseon at the mouth of the Tuman River, Mt. Baekdu, and the Yalu River. It seems that Russia wanted to clarify the border between the Joseon line and the Qing Dynasty in preparation for Joseon's dominance by Russia.