고대 이집트에서 문학의 기원과 발달 = The Origins and Development of Literature in Ancient Egypt

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 고대 이집트 문학의 기원과 발전 양상을 기존 연구들을 바탕으로 검토하는 데 목적을 둔다. 먼저, ‘무엇을 이집트 문학으로 정의할 것인가?’라는 근본적인 문제를 제기하며, 현대 문학의 개념을 고대 이집트에 적용할 때 발생할 수 있는 시대착오적 오류를 경계한다. 이를 위해 이집트학자들이 문학 개념을 이해하고 문학 텍스트를 분류해온 학술사적 흐름을 개괄하여 이집트 문학의 정의와 범주에 대한 논의의 틀을 마련한다.
두 번째로, 이집트 문학의 기원에 대해 고찰한다. 단순히 문학의 시작 시점이나 최초 사례를 확인하는 것을 넘어, 문학이 형성된 방식과 그 이전 단계의 텍스트 전통 및 주변 문화적 요소들을 분석한다. 고왕국 시대의 자전적 문헌이 중왕국 시대 문학의 토대가 되었음을 중심으로, 이집트학자들이 제시한 다양한 해석을 검토하며 중왕국 시대에 문학이 본격적으로 발전한 이유를 탐구한다.
마지막으로, 이집트 문학의 발달 양상을 수용과 전승의 관점에서 분석한다. 얀 아스만의 문화적 기억 이론을 적용하여, 중왕국 시대 문학작품이 과거와 현재를 잇는 ‘전통의 물줄기(stream of tradition)’로서 어떤 역할을 했는지를 조명한다. 특히, 아스만의 이론이 초기의 순수문학 개념에서 문화적 기억 담론으로 확장된 과정을 논의하며, 이집트 문학이 집단 정체성을 구축하는 문화적 기억의 매체로 기능했음을 밝힌다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper aims to critically examine the origins and development of ancient Egyptian literature, building upon existing scholarly research. It begins by addressing the fundamental question of “What should be defined as Egyptian literature?” and cautions against the anachronistic application of modern literary concepts to ancient Egypt. In doing so, it traces the historical evolution of how Egyptologists have understood and classified literary texts, thereby establishing a framework for the ongoing discourse on the definition and scope of Egyptian literature.
The second section delves into the origins of Egyptian literature, not merely identifying its temporal beginnings or earliest examples, but also analyzing the processes through which literature emerged. It explores prior textual traditions and the surrounding cultural context that influenced its formation. Special attention is given to the role of autobiographical texts from the Old Kingdom as foundational to the literary developments of the Middle Kingdom. The paper also reviews various interpretations by Egyptologists and investigates the factors that led to the formalization of literature during the Middle Kingdom.
The final section examines the development of Egyptian literature from the perspective of reception and transmission. Utilizing Jan Assmann's theory of cultural memory, it sheds light on the function of Middle Kingdom literary works as part of a “stream of tradition” that bridges the past and present. The paper further explores how Assmann’s theory evolved from an initial focus on pure literature to a broader discourse on cultural memory, illustrating how Egyptian literature served as a medium for the construction of collective identity through the preservation and transmission of cultural values.
By providing an in-depth exploration of the conceptual definition, origins, and development of Egyptian literature, this paper seeks to contribute new insights into the field of ancient literature studies and foster a more nuanced understanding of the role of Egyptian literature in both its historical and cultural context.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 아힘 가이젠하스뤼케, "문학이론 입문" 서울대학교출판문화원 2016
• 2 Baines, John, "Visual and Written Culture in Ancient Egypt" 2007
• 3 Goodwin, Charles Wycliffe, "The Story of Saneha. An Egyptian Tale of Four Thousand Years Ago Translated from the Hieratic Text" 71 : 185-202, 1865
• 4 Manley, Bill, "The Oxford Handbook of Egyptology, edited by Ian Shaw and Elizabeth Bloxam" 1007-1018, 2020
• 5 Doxey, Denise, "The Oxford Handbook of Egyptology" 994-1006, 2020
• 6 Erman, Adolf, "The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians: Poems, Narratives, and Manuals of Instriuction, from the Third and Second Millennia B.C." 1927
• 7 Simpson, W. K, "The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae Autobiographies, and Poetry" 2003
• 8 Geertz, Clifford, "The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays" 412-453, 1975
• 9 Hsu, Shih-wei, "The Development of Ancient Egyptian Royal Inscriptions" 98 : 269-283, 2012
• 10 Richards, Janet, "Society and Death in Ancient Egypt: Mortuary Landscapes f the Middle Kingdom" 2005
• 11 Assmann, Jan, "Schrift und Gedächtnis. Beiträge zur Archäologie der literarischen Kommunikation" 64-93, 1983
• 12 Baines, John, "Research on Egyptian Literature: Background, Definitions, Prospects" III : 1-26, 2000
• 13 Loprieno, Antonio, "Religion und Philosophie im alten Ägypten: Festgabe für Philippe Derchain zu seinem 65. Geburtstag am 24. Juli 1991" 209-218, 1991
• 14 Baines, John, "Prehistories of Literature: Performance, Fiction, Myth" 1995
• 15 Parkinson, Richard B., "Poetry and Culture in Middle Kingdom Egypt. A Dark Side to Perfection" 2002
• 16 Assmann, Jan, "Performing the Gospel: Orality, Memory and Mark" 67-82, 2006
• 17 Jay, Jacqueline E., "Orality and Literacy in the Demotic Tales" 2016
• 18 Rougé, de Emmanuel, "Oeuvres Diverses 1. Bibliothèque égyptologique Œuvres Diverses 2" 1852-, 1908
• 19 Chabas, François, "Oeuvres Diverses 1" 1899
• 20 Williams, Raymond, "Marxism and Literature" 1977
• 21 Posener, G., "Littérature et politique dans l'Égypte de la XIIe dynastie" 1956
• 22 Baines, John, "Lexikon der Ägyptologie, 5(columns 693–698)"
• 23 Franke, D., "Kleiner Mann(nDs)-was bist Du" 167 : 33-48, 1998
• 24 Kaplony, Peter, "Fragen an die altägyptische Literatur. Studien zum Gedenken an Eberhard Otto" 289-314, 1977
• 25 Quirke, Stephen, "Egyptian Literature 1800 BC: Questions and Readings" 1800
• 26 Assmann, Jan, "Der literarische Text im alten Agypten: Versuch einer Begriffsbestimmung" 69 : 117-126, 1974
• 27 Assmann, Jan, "Cultural and Literary Texts" Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie 1-15, 1995
• 28 Assmann, Jan, "Collective Memory and Cultural Identity" 65 : 125-133, 1995
• 29 Oppenheim, Leo A., "Assyriology-Why and How" 1 (1): 409-423, 1960
• 30 Dilthey, Wilhelm, "Archive für Literatur" 58 : 360-375, 1889
• 31 Parkinson, Richard B., "Ancient Egyptian Literature: History and Forms" 137-155, 1996
• 32 Loprieno, Antonio, "Ancient Egyptian Literature: History and Forms" 39-58, 1996
• 33 Assmann, Jan, "Ancient Egyptian Literature: History and Forms" 59-82, 1996
• 34 Simpson, W. K., "Ancient Egyptian Literature: History and Forms" 435-443, 1996
• 35 Lichtheim, M., "Ancient Egyptian Literature. Volume I: The Old and Middle Kingdoms" 1975
• 36 Enmarch, Roland, "Ancient Egyptian Literature. Theory and Practice" 2013
• 37 Eyre, Christopher, "Ancient Egyptian Literature. Theory and Practice" 101-142, 2013
• 38 Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich, "Ancient Egyptian Literature, Ancient Egyptian Literature: History and Forms" 3-18, 1996
• 39 Loprieno, Antonio, "Ancient Egyptian Literature, Ancient Egyptian Literature: History and Forms" 403-414, 1996
• 40 Helck, W., "Altägyptische Aktenkunde des 3. Und 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr. MÄS 31" 1974