동북아 선도제천 전통으로 본 강릉단오제의 신격 연구 = A Study on the Divinity of Gangneung Danoje(江陵端午祭) from the Perspective of Northeast Asia’s ‘Sundo(仙道)’ Heaven Ritual(祭天) Tradition

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Heaven Ritual(祭天儀禮) was the prototype of ancient Northeast Asia's culture and a cultural heritage that serves as a spiritual center for the people of that time. Ancient Heaven Ritual recorded in Chinese historical books were superficially recorded from the perspective of foreigners, and while the meaning of Heaven Ritual was insufficient to convey, Heaven Ritual has been interpreted as a symbol of national independence, a national ritual at the level of governance, a an agricultural ritual, and a folk festival. In addition to the recognition of the existing Heaven Ritual, research results based on the excavation results of archaeology in the Liaodong(遼東) and Liaoxi(遼西) regions in Northeast Asia and the records of Korean Sundo(韓國仙道) history books have recently emerged, revealing the original form of Northeast Asia's Sundo Heaven Ritual(仙道祭天). Representatively, the remains of Hongshan Culture(紅山文化, 4500 B.C. to 3000 B.C.) based on the Liaoxi region, ancient altar in the Cheonpyeong(天坪) area of Mt. Baekdu(白頭) in Liaodong, and the stone mound altar⋅tomb, jade, stone tools excavated from the Xiaonanshan(小南山) ruins in Heilongjiang Sheng(黑 龍江省) were confirmed to be relics related to Heaven Ritual. In addition, the meaning of Heaven Ritual was interpreted as a "practice ritual" of the Korean Sundo of unification of gods and human( 人合一) and at the same time having a festive character.
The deities of Heaven Ritual that appeared in these relics were enshrined in Mago(麻姑), Hwanung(桓雄), and Ungnyeo(熊女) in the Baedalguk(倍達國). Mago, which symbolizes the life energy of the source, gradually disappeared from the deity of Heaven Ritual due to the decline of practice culture after the Dangun Joseon(檀君朝鮮).
Records show that since the Goguryeo(高句麗), the national anchester gods symbolized by the national founder and his wife or mother have been memorialized together in Heaven Ritual. Starting with the aforementioned Ungnyeo, goddess symbolizing the queen or mother of the national anchester were enshrined in the ancestral rites. They had the character of a national mother goddess who governed the country together with the national founder and upheld the sacred will, and this tradition was inherited by Dongmyeng(東明) and Lady Yuhwa(柳花夫人) of Goguryeo, Dongmyeng, Gutae仇台 and Soseno(召西奴) of Baekje(百濟), Park Hyeokgeose(朴赫居世) and Alyeong(閼英) of Silla, and King Suro(首露) and Queen Heo(許王后) of Gaya(加耶).
Currently, the main deities of Gangneung Danoje are Guksa Seonghwangsin(國師城隍神) and Guksa Yeoseonghwangsin(國師女城隍神), to which Daegwallyeong Sansin(大關嶺山神) is added. Guksa Seonghwangsin is set as Beomil Guksa(梵日國師), a monk from the latter days of Silla, while Guksa Yeoseonghwangsin is known as Lady Jeong(鄭 氏家女) of the Joseon(朝鮮) Dynasty, and Daegwallyeong Sansin is known as General Kim Yu-sin(金庾信將軍). In light of the origin theory that the origin of Gangneung Danoje is Goguryeo's Dongmaeng(東盟), Ye(濊)’s Mucheon(舞天), or ancient ancestral rites, there is a problem that the origins and deities of Beomil Guksa and General Kim Yu-sin of the Silla(新羅) and the Lady Jeong of the Joseonw Dynasty are inconsistent with the times. Therefore, we can see that the current Gangneung Dano je's Guksa Seonghwangsin, Guksa Yeoseonghwangsin, and Daegwallyeong Sansin are deities established later. Deities are an important factor in determining the purpose or nature of a ritual. The ancestral rite of heaven is the most representative practice and ritual of Korean Sundo since Hwanguk(桓國) and Baedalguk, and its purpose is the unification of gods and human . This paper presents the ancestral rite of heaven, which has been the core practice and ritual of Korean Sundo since Hwanguk and Baedalguk, as the origin of Gangneung Danoje, and presents Hwanung, th...