개정된 가치묘사질문지(PVQ-R) 한국판 타당도 연구 = Validation of the Korean Version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire-Revised (PVQ-R)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study is intended to investigate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire-Revised(PVQ-R) measuring the basic human values based on the refined theory by Schwartz (Schwartz et al., 2012). The PVQ-R, the Schwartz's Value Survey(SVS), and the Confucian Values Scale were administered by 559 undergraduates. According to the result, adequate levels of internal consistency were shown in the reliability for the 19 value scales. Multidimensional scaling of the individual items and also of the scale means confirmed the circular structure of the 19 values and the four hierarchical values structure, respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis applied separately to each of the four higher order values revealed an adequate model fit statistics for the hierarchical factor model of the higher order value. A multitrait-multimethod analysis of the PVQ-R in comparison with the SVS generally supported convergent and discriminant validity. Comparison of the priority in value obtained from this study to the data from 10 countries(Schwartz et al., 2012) revealed that the mean ratings from the Korean sample were generally lower with the differences between the values being smaller; however, the value orders were mostly in agreement. In general, Confucian values were positively correlated with self-transcendence and negatively with self-enhancement and openness to change. The significance and limitations of findings from this study and suggestions on future research were discussed.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 Schwartz의 개정된 가치 이론(2012)에 근거하여 보편적 가치를 측정하기 위해서 개정된 가치묘사질문지(PVQ-R) 한국판의 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 559명의 대학생을 대상으로 PVQ-R, Schwartz의 가치조사질문지(SVS) 및 유교가치 척도를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 19개 가치 척도는 적절한 내적 일관성 신뢰도 수준을 보였다. 각 척도의 점수와 각 문항 점수를 다차원 척도 분석한 결과, 개정된 가치 이론에서 가정한 19개 가치의 원형 구조 배열이 확인되었으며, 4개의 상위 가치 구조의 타당도가 입증되었다. 4개의 상위 가치 별로 실시한 확인적 요인분석 결과, 4개의 상위 가치의 위계적 요인 모형의 적합도가 적절한 수준으로 확인되었다. 중다특질-중다방법 분석을 통한 PVQ-R과 SVS의 수렴타당도 및 변별타당도가 전반적으로 지지되었다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 가치우선성의 순위를 Schwartz 등의 10개국 자료(2012)와 비교한 결과, 국내 자료의 평균치가 전반적으로 낮고 점수간 차이가 근소하였으나 순위 배열은 대체로 일치하였다. 유교가치는 일반적으로 자기초월 가치 및 보수 가치와 정적 상관을 보였으며, 자기고양 가치 및 변화에 대한 개방성 가치와 부적 상관을 보였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과들의 의의 및 제한점 그리고 후속 연구에 대한 제언을 논의하였다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 한덕웅, "한국인의 인생관으로 본 가치관 변화：30년간 비교" 한국사회및성격심리학회 17 (17): 49-67, 2003
• 2 류수영, "한국인의 유교적 가치측정문항개발 연구" 한국인사조직학회 15 (15): 171-205, 2007
• 3 나은영, "한국인의 가치관 변화 추이: 1979년,1998년,및 2010년의 조사 결과 비교" 한국사회및성격심리학회 24 (24): 63-93, 2010
• 4 최봉영, "한국인에게 나는 누구인가" 지식산업사 2012
• 5 박재흥, "한국의 세대 변화와 탈물질주의: 코호트 분석" 한국사회학회 46 (46): 69-95, 2012
• 6 차재호, "한국사회에서의 가치관 변화와 가치에 관한 명제의 도출" 3 (3): 1-27, 1994
• 7 최봉영, "한국 문화와 성격" 사계절 2002
• 8 최상진, "한국 문화심리학의 이론과 실제 : 지난 20여년간의 심리학 연구를 통해서 얻은 문화심리학적 경험" 6 (6): 25-40, 2000
• 9 차재호, "한국 대학생들의 중요한 가치" 6 (6): 123-136, 1992
• 10 주영현, "한국 과학영재고등학생의 가치관 조사" 경남대학교 2012
• 11 최상진, "체면의 심리구조" 14 (14): 185-202, 2000
• 12 신현희, "자기초월가치와 환경보존행동 및 친환경행동의도와의 관계" 부산대학교 2011
• 13 심경섭, "유교가치관 척도 타당화 연구" 고려대학교 2014
• 14 심경섭, "유교가치관 척도 개발연구" 한국심리학회 31 (31): 465-491, 2012
• 15 서지영, "연령에 따른 가치구조의 발달" 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 25 (25): 21-44, 2012
• 16 Hayes, S. C., "마음에서 빠져나와 삶 속으로 들어가라" 학지사 2010
• 17 Lepsley, D. K., "도덕심리학과 도덕교육" 도서출판 인간사랑 2005
• 18 홍세희, "구조 방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정기준과 그 근거" 19 (19): 161-177, 2000
• 19 김철민, "가치관 연구에 관한 비판적 고찰 : 개념 정의, 가치 요소의 측정방법을 중심으로" 6 : 53-78, 1999
• 20 Schwartz, S. H., "Worries and values" 68 : 309-346, 2000
• 21 Arsenio, W. F., "Varieties of childhood bullying: Values, emotion processes, and social competence" 10 : 59-73, 2001
• 22 Feather, N. T., "Values, valences and choice : The influence of values on the perceived attractiveness and choice of alternatives" 68 : 1135-1151, 1995
• 23 Sortheix, F. M., "Values, life events, and health : A study in a Finnish rural community" 23 : 331-346, 2013
• 24 Schwartz, S. H., "Values and behavior in organization" Vozes 21-55, 2005
• 25 Bubeck, M., "Value structure at an early age" 63 : 31-41, 2004
• 26 Sagiv, L., "Value priorities and subjective well-being : Direct relations and congruity effects" 30 : 177-198, 2000
• 27 Schwartz, S. H., "Value hierarchies across cultures taking a similarities perspective" 32 : 268-290, 2001
• 28 Schwartz, S. H., "Towards a theory of the universal content and structure of values : Extensions and cross-cultural replications" 58 : 878-891, 1990
• 29 Schwartz, S. H., "Towards a psychological structure of human value" 53 : 550-562, 1987
• 30 Kluckhohn, C., "Toward a general theory of action" Harvard University Press 388-433, 1951
• 31 Bardi, A., "The structure of intraindividual value change" 97 : 913-929, 2009
• 32 Bilsky, W., "The structural organization of human values : Evidence from three rounds of the European Social Survey(ESS)" 42 : 759-776, 2011
• 33 Chan, V. K. Y., "The relationship between universal human values and adolescent problem and pathological gambling" 31 : 183-194, 2012
• 34 Silfver, M., "The relation between value priorities and proneness to guilt, shame, and empathy" 32 : 69-80, 2008
• 35 Schwartz, S. H., "The psychology of values: The Ontario Symposium Vol. 8" Erlbaum 1-24, 1996
• 36 Weber, M., "The protestant ethic and spirit of capitalism" Scribner's 1958
• 37 Walker, R. B. J., "The politics of protection" Routledge 189-203, 2006
• 38 Cieciuch, J. C., "The number of distinct basic values and their structure assessed by PVQ-40" 94 : 321-328, 2012
• 39 Rokeach, M., "The nature of human values" Free Press 1973
• 40 Bem, S. L., "The measurement of psychological androgyny" 42 : 155-162, 1974
• 41 Little, B. R., "The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical applications" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 193-212, 1998
• 42 Wong, P. T. P., "The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical application" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 111-140, 1998
• 43 Wong, P. T. P., "The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical application" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 395-435, 1998
• 44 Ball-Rokeach, S. J., "The great American values test: Influencing behavior and belief through television" Free Press 1984
• 45 Chan, V. K. Y., "The general relationship between universal human values and adolescents' problem/pathological gambling in Macao : A parsimonious, quantitative model" 49 : 189-201, 2014
• 46 Bakan, D., "The duality of human existence: An essay on psychology and religion" Rand McNally 1966
• 47 Durkheim, E., "The division of labor in society" Glenocoe 1964
• 48 Cieciuch, J. C., "The cross-national invariance properties of a new scale to measure 19 basic human values: A test across eight countries" 2014
• 49 Hofstede, G., "The confucius connection : From cultural roots to economic growth" 16 : 5-21, 1988
• 50 Roccas, S., "The Big Five personality factors and personal values" 28 : 789-801, 2002
• 51 Schwartz, D., "Subtypes of victims and aggression in children's peer groups" 28 : 181-192, 2000
• 52 Schwartz, S. H., "Studying values : Personal adventure, future directions" 42 : 307-319, 2011
• 53 Arikan, G., "Social values and cross-national differences in attitudes towards welfare" 2014
• 54 Helkama, K., "Social psychology of political and economic cognition" Academic Press/Surrey University Press 7-32, 1992
• 55 Camodeca, M., "Social cognition, anger and sadness in bullies and victims" 46 : 186-197, 2005
• 56 Schwartz, S. H., "Sex differences in value priorities : Cross-cultural and multi-method studies" 89 : 1010-1028, 2005
• 57 김연신, "Schwartz의 보편적 가치 이론의 적용 타당성 연구：한국대학생을 대상으로" 한국사회및성격심리학회 23 (23): 1-16, 2009
• 58 조남국, "Schwartz와 Bilsky의 보편적 가치구조 이론에 대한 방법적 비판 : SSA의 적용" 8 (8): 55-69, 1994
• 59 Knoppen, D., "Schwartz' theory of human values: Balancing homogeneity of reflective items and theoretical coverage" University Pompeu Fabra 2009
• 60 Whitley, B. E. Jr., "Right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and prejudice" 77 : 126-134, 1999
• 61 Schwartz, S. H., "Refining the theory of basic individual values" 103 : 663-688, 2012
• 62 Schwartz, S. H., "Prosocial motives, emotions, and behavior: The better angels of our nature" American Psychological Association 221-241, 2009
• 63 Caprara, G. V., "Prosocial agency : The contribution of values and self-efficacy beliefs to prosocial behavior across ages" 26 : 218-239, 2007
• 64 Reijntjes, A., "Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children : A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies" 34 : 244-252, 2010
• 65 Triandis, H. C., "Nebraska Symposium on Motivation Vol. 37" University of Nebraska Press 41-133, 1990
• 66 Verplanken, B., "Motivated decision making : Effects of activation and self-centrality of values on choices and behavior" 82 : 434-447, 2002
• 67 Menesini, E., "Morality, values, traditional bullying, and cyberbullying in adolescence" 31 : 1-14, 2013
• 68 Inglehart, R., "Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values" 65 : 19-51, 2000
• 69 Schwartz, S. H., "Measuring attitudes cross-nationally-lessons from the European Social Survey" Sage 169-203, 2006
• 70 Schmitt, M. J., "Measurement models for the Schwartz Values Inventory" 9 : 107-121, 1993
• 71 Dalgaard, P., "Introductory statistics with R" Springer 2002
• 72 Goffman, E., "Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior" Random House 1967
• 73 Schwartz, S. H., "Identifying culture specifics in the content and structure of values" 26 : 92-116, 1995
• 74 Triandis, H. C., "Handbook of cultural psychology" Guilford 59-76, 2007
• 75 Markus, H., "Gender and thought: Psychological perspectives" Springer Verlag 100-127, 1989
• 76 Schwartz, S. H., "Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different method of measurement" 32 : 519-542, 2001
• 77 Schwartz, S. H., "Evaluation the structure of human values with confirmatory factor analysis" 38 : 230-255, 2004
• 78 Kenny, D. A., "Effect of the number of variables on measures of fit in structural equation modeling" 10 : 333-351, 2003
• 79 Oyserman, D., "Does culture influence what and how we think? Effects of priming individualism and collectivism" 134 : 311-342, 2008
• 80 Bond, L., "Does bullying cause emotional problems? A prospective study of young teenagers" 323 : 480-484, 2001
• 81 Hofstede, G., "Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede modeling context" 2 : 1-26, 2011
• 82 Hofstede, G., "Cultures and organization: Software of the mind" McGraw-Hill 1991
• 83 Markus, H. R., "Culture and the self : Implications for cognition, emotion and motivation" 98 : 224-253, 1991
• 84 Cambell, D. T., "Convergent and discriminant validation by multitrait-multimethod matrix" 56 : 81-105, 1959
• 85 Oyserman, D., "Connecting and separating mind-sets : Culture as situated cognition" 97 : 217-235, 2009
• 86 Brown. T. A., "Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research" Guilford 2006
• 87 Olweus, D., "Bully/victim problems at school : Facts and effective intervention" 5 : 15-22, 1996
• 88 Davidov, E., "Bringing values back in: A multiple group comparison with 20 countries using the European Social Survey" 2008
• 89 Knafo, A., "Authoritarians, the next generation : Values and bullying among adolescent children of authoritarian fathers" 3 : 199-204, 2003
• 90 Dὅring, A. K., "Assessing values at an early age : The Picture-Based Value Survey for Children" 92 : 439-448, 2010
• 91 Vecchione, M., "Assessing the circular structure of the Portrait Values Questionnaire : A confirmatory factor analysis approach" 25 : 231-238, 2009
• 92 Schwartz, S. H., "Are there universal aspect in the content and structure of values?" 50 : 19-45, 1994
• 93 Schwartz, S. H., "An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values" 2 : 2012
• 94 Hawley, P. H., "Aggression and adaptation. The bright side to bad behavior" Erlbaum 1-30, 2007
• 95 Schwartz, S. H., "Advances in experimental social psychology, 25" Academic Press 1-65, 1992
• 96 Schwartz, S. H., "A proposal for measuring value orientations across nations. In Questionnaire Development Package of the European Social Survey"
• 97 Davidov, E., "A cross-country and cross-time comparison of the Human Values Measurements with the second round of the European Social Survey" 2 : 33-46, 2008
• 98 Cieciuch, J. C., "A comparison of the invariance properties of the PVQ-40 and the PVQ-21 to measure human values across German and Polish Samples" 6 : 37-48, 2012
• 99 정진곤, "21세기를 여는 한국인의 가치관" 소화출판사 1997
• 100 나은영, "1970년대와 1990년대 간 한국인의 가치관 변화와 세대차 증감" 13 (13): 37-60, 1999