水産資源의 合理的 利用管理에 관한 經濟學的 硏究 = An Economic Approach to the Rational Utilization and Management of Fisheries Resources

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Opening of a new era of the 200-mile economic zone regime has put an end to the unlimited expansion of distant-water fisheries by leading fishing nations including Korea. Since, under this new regime, fisheries resources in coastal and inshore fishing grounds will be the main sources of fisheries produce in Korea, first priority in fisheries policies of Korea should be given to the rational utilization of those resources through proper fisheries management.
One of the characteristics of fisheries resources is that they are density
dependent self-regulating renewable resources from which, by controlling
exploitation of them, maximum sustainable yield (MSY) can be achieved. On the
other hand, they have a basic characteristic of common property or open-access
resources. Irrational utilization of fisheries resources that has been observed in many fisheries in the world is mainly due to the unlimited access to the
resources.
In the absence of any regulation, because the resources are subject to free entry and additional entrants will enter as long as there is any net economic yield to be gained, there is a tendency to dissipate all the net economic yield (the economic rent) reaching to a long-term equilibrium situation where total costs from fishing equal total revenues. This equilibrium level may often be above that giving the maximum sustainable yield.
In unregulated fisheries, technological innovation and increasing prices with
increased demand will result in new equilibrium situations over the long run again dissipating economic rent, and will not benefit entrants. In overexploited fisheries these higher prices and lower costs will attract more entrants and tend to further deplete fisheries resources. This result in the waste of the living resources of the sea and the waste of labor and capital.
This means that the open-access fisheries will not operate in an optimal way,
and, at the same time, means fisheries should be placed under some kind or other
of management.
Various methods of fisheries management have been employed in international
and national fisheries. Most common methods traditionally employed include: (1)
limitations on the size of the fish which may be caught or sold; (2) restrictions on the type of gear that can be used; (3) the closure of certain areas to specific fisheries; (4) the closure of certain seasons; (5) limitation on the total catch of specific stocks (i.e., imposition of quotas); and (6) limitations on the total amount fishing effort applied to a certain stock.
These may be employed in single, but usually they are employed in combination.
It is true that most of the above methods have considerably contributed to the
conservation of fisheries resources. It is, however, also true that without
introducing limited access systems based on direct control over fishing effort
itself, biological and economic disaster of open-access fisheries can not be
expected to be wholly eliminated. Recently, there have been attempts to directly
control fishing effort itself rather than the enforcement of the quota system and regulated inefficiency. As one of the indirect limited access systems, a taxation system or a licensing system has been payed much attention in recent years. They are expected to limit entry without adversely affecting the efficiency of fishery production.
Most of traditional fisheries management took the form of various regulations or limitations on the fishing activities. If, however, a fisheries management to be an effective and proper one, measures for the enhancement of the fisheries resources should also be taken.
As to the objectives or criteria of fisheries management, MSY had been considered by biologists a relevant and noncontroversial objective for several
decades. In the recent years, however, a great number of fishery scientists have
begun to consider this objective too limited. Economists, on the other hand, take the view that achievement of maximum net economic yield (MEY) should be the
objective of fisheries management. Economists in favour of MEY put emphasis on
maximization of the economic return while biologists in favour of MSY on
maximization of the physical production of the fisheries. However, neither MSY
nor MEY is the only objective that society should consider.
Quite recently, the new concept of optimum sustainable yield (OSY) has received
wide suppoort as an alternative concept to MSY and MEY concepts. As an
objective or a criterion of fisheries management, OSY takes social and political
factors as well as biological and economic ones into consideration. But OSY has
an important drawback that it leaves open the question of how the optimum is to
be mesured. Although no single satisfactory concept exists yet, MSY and MEY
can be useful tools by which the level of harvest can be determined.
In Korea, most major fisheries have been placed under a rigid institutionalized
management scheme for long time. The current fisheries legal system in which
fisheries operate consists of the basic law "Fisheries Law", and related laws and ordinances. Detailed provisions on the fisheries management are provided in these laws and ordinances. From legal point of view, fisheries are broken down into three categories; fishing right fisheries, license fisheries, and other fisheries requiring only report. Coastal fisheries including aquaculture are, in the main, managed by the fishing right fisheries system, and some of the coastal fisheries system. Other fisheries are, in principle, free fisheries consisted of primitive small scale fisheries.
The fishing right and license fisheries systems are the fundamental institutions of the fisheries management in Korea, and entry into the commercial fisheries is controlled by these systems. Virtually all methods of fisheries management indicated earlier have been adopted in Korea. In the so-called joint control zone established around the Korean waters in 1965 by virtue of the Agreement concerning Fisheries between Korea and Japan, some kinds of fisheries operated by Korean or Japanese fishermen are managed jointly by Korea and Japan.
As far as institutional arrangements for fisheries management are concerned, it
seems, at present, that there are no serious defects to corrected. However,
viewing from a practical operational angle of fisheries management, a number of
hard problems are posed. In operating the fishing right and license fisheries
systems, primary concern has been associated with the co-ordination of fishing
activities to maintain orderly fishing operation, and less attention has been paid to the conservation of fisheries resources. Furthermore, the systems failed in controlling the amounts of fishing at the optimal level causing overexploitation and overcapacity. Other serious problems associated with fisheries management are as follows ; general decline of coastal and offshore fisheries resources, in particular, drastic decline of the stocks of high-valued species; the prevalence of indifferent fishing activities by illegal fishing fleets; the existence of overcapacities in some fisheries; the acceralating environmental deterioration of fishing ground caused by pollutants, reclamation, etc.; and international competitive overexploitation in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.
For the rational utilization of coastal and offshore fisheries resources, the
following measures should be taken:
1. The number of fishing units of fisheries should be readjusted on the basis of the scientific assessments of stocks. It is desirable that for all the licensed fisheries, the upper limit of the number of licenses to be issued should be established.
2. It seems that a considerable reduction in costs is possible in many fisheries. If the fisheries management to be really effective, measures of reducing fishing costs should be introduced.
3. Overfishing activities and particularly illegal and indifferent fishing activities must be eradicated through a rigid enforcement of regulations, and at the same time, aggressive measures for the enhancement of fisheries resources should be taken.
4. Fisheries jurisdiction should be extended by proclaiming 200-mile economic
zone. It is noted that without extending fisheries jurisdiction over 200-mile
immediately benefits that could result from taking early action in offshore fisheries management would be lost, and the establishment of rational long-term fisheries management scheme in the offshore fisheries would be impossible.
To understand the importance and an urgency of taking rational measures
including those suggested above, it is important recognize that, in Korea which is ill-favoured in natural resources, the most valuable natural resources both for the present generation and for the generations to generations to come are the fisheries resources in the waters around Korea.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 序 言
• Ⅱ. 水産資源의 特性
• 1. 自律更新的 資源
• 2. 持續的 生産이 可能한 密度依存的 資源
• 3. 共有財産的 資源
• Ⅲ. 漁業管理의 必要性에 대한 經濟學的 考察
• 1. 最大純經濟的 生産의 槪念과 意義
• 2. 非管理漁業에 있어서의 生物經濟學的 均衡과 漁獲努力의 過投傾向
• 3. 漁業技術發達과 魚價上昇에 의한 漁獲努力의 過投傾向.
• Ⅳ. 漁業管理의 方法과 基準
• 1. 漁業管理의 諸方法
• 2. 各種 漁業管理方法의 長短点
• 3. 漁業管理基準
• Ⅴ. 우리나라의 漁業管理
• 1. 漁業管理現況
• 2. 漁業管理의 問題点
• 3. 漁業管理改善을 위한 基本對策
• Ⅵ. 結 言