從遺囑制度看宋代個人權利的凸顯 = On the Testament System and Individual Rights of the Song Dynasty

국문 초록 (Abstract)

宋代法制는 비록 당대처럼 찬란하지는 않았지만 시의적절하여 상당히 독특한 면모를 드러내었다. 遺囑制度의 변화는 개인 권리의 발전을 체현하는데 집중되었다. 중국 초기의 遺囑는 대체로 가장이 가정에서의 가르침을 위주로 자손에게 행하였는데, 당송시기에는 재산의 처분이 주요 내용이었기 때문에 유언을 諭令式 유언과 계약식 유언으로 나눌 수 있다. 송초에 당나라의 제도를 활용하였는데, 가문이 끊어진 자산 처분은 법률 규정 외에 遺囑繼承의 우선성을 강조하였다. 그러나 송대법에는 가호가 끊긴 재산을 계승하는 가족의 범위를 축소하였기 때문에 종족의 가정 재산에 대한 간여가 감소되어 가장이 돌아가시기 전에 遺囑으로 재산을 처분하는 경향이 강했다. 북송 仁宗 嘉祐後는 遺囑을 立法하여 주로 遺囑으로 繼承하는 재산의 한도를 증가시켰다. 남송시기는 군수 필요를 보장하기 위해 遺囑契稅를 더해 징수하였는데, 이는 遺囑이 부동산 전환에 거대한 역할을 발휘했음을 설명해 주고 있다. 가호가 끊긴 집 외에 기타 가정도 습관적으로 遺囑를 통해 가산 처분의 권리를 행사하였다. 주요하게는 家長이 嫡長子나 딸에게 주었고 혹은 특수한 가정 구성원이 있는 경우 통상적으로 재산을 분할하였다. 이런 방식은 어느 정도에서는 모든 아들에게 균분하는 법정 원칙을 위반한 것이지만 가장된 자의 뜻인 경우 법률이 이에 대해 충분히 긍정해 주었다. 송대의 遺囑制度의 발전을 보면, 이시기 사회경제적인 발전에 따라 부가 누적되어 개인이 관할할 수 있는 재산의 증가를 제공하였는데 전통가족 본위의 권리체계가 변하고 있음을 설명할 뿐만 아니라 개인화의 추세로 발전하고 있음을 설명한다고 하겠다. 비록 遺囑을 세우는 것은 여전히 가장이지만 그는 가산처분의 과정중 가족이익, 자손후세를 고려할 뿐만 아니라 더욱이 자신의 의지를 침투시켰다. 동시에 송대 문화도 성설하고 사대부도 통상 세상사람들에게 설명하기 때문에 일찍이 遺囑이 정립되어 자손들이 재산 분쟁으로 가업이 파괴되는 것을 방지할 수 있었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Song Dynasty legal system has many characteristics, one of them is individual rights were coming to being. The system of testament was an important manifestation. The early testament of ancient China was mostly like a document to warning future generations on one's deathbed. It contained the funeral requirements and moral preaching for the descendants. Occasionally, it also included the division of family property to sons. But in the Tang and Song dynasties, disposition of property became the main content of the testament, and the didactic tendency was also reduced. So, the testament of ancient China according to the content could be divided into two types. One could be called didactic testament, it was more like a moral sermonrather than legal documents.
On the testamentary legislative, in the Song Dynasty, it was partial to the regulation of household which without sons. According to the household registration system of ancient China, when a household had no any sons, it means that it would not be able to exist. This can be called "household ended". At the beginning of Song Dynasty, inheritance system of household ended was followed the law of Tang Dynasty. The law provided property inheritance of household ended, and testament had a prior validity. In the middle of north Song Dynasty, the law set a limit of the property which could be inherited by testament. In the south Song Dynasty, the government began to levy deed tax of testament in order to meet the military needs.
These characteristics indicated that the system of testament had been developed and perfected in the Song Dynasty. With the development of society and economy, personal disposable property was on the increase. So when someone was dying, he could dispose the property according to the wishes of his own.
Meanwhile, the size of the household had been changed. Before the Song Dynasty, the household was formed by several generations, and the householder who had patria potestas was one of elders. In the Song Dynasty, the large household became smaller. It usually consisted of the parents and their teenage children. The large household was divided into several small households. The father of a family was naturally became the householder who had all rights of a household. But, on the other hand when a family with no any sons, it would be household ended. It was easily overdone for the small household. So the father must bequeath his property to others. The other could be called contractual testament, its main content was the disposition of household property. The validity of this type was very similar with the validity of contracts. Testamentary succession was often used for disposing of property by household ended. In ancient China, if there were several sons in a household they would evenly distribute their father's left property. But sometimes the father would give his wife's first son and married daughter more shares by the testament.
Furthermore, scholars could pass the imperial examinations to win posts in the government. They no longer relied on the aristocratic privilege. An ordinary person also could accumulate wealth by business. These conditions promoted the initiation of individual. People were willing to make a testament arranging for their property after death. The culture of the Song Dynasty also tended to practicality. The scholar-bureaucrat usually persuaded others that make a testament as soon as possible to prevent the descendants from lawsuits for inheritances. They believed that the lawsuit will make the household bankrupt. These reasons had contributed to the improvement of the testamentary system in the Song Dynasty.
On the study of the testament system in ancient China, we try to find the development path of civil rights. Under the influence of various factors, the concept of rights and the awareness of independent have been greatly improved.

宋代法制雖無唐時輝煌，但因時制宜，也體現出許多獨特之處。其中之一就是個人權利的

목차 (Table of Contents)

• [提要]
• [提要]
• 一，遺囑制度所見之個人權利
• 二，遺囑立法所見之個人權利
• 三，遺囑適用所見之個人權利
• 結論