크로스 해프닝: 규칙과 환경이 교차하는 지점에서 일어나는 조직화된 우연 - 1960년대 해프닝과 드론 이벤트를 중심으로 = Cross-Happening: Organized Coincidence that Takes Place at the Intersection of Rules and Environment - Focusing on the Happening in 1960s and Drones Events

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 해프닝의 실재성에 관한 고찰이다. 해프닝이 주로 전위 예술로서, 혹은 우연적 상황이나 즉시적 행위의 유발이라는 측면에 주목되면서, 해프닝이 우연(chance)과 비결정(indeterminacy)에 내포된 위험을 최소화해서 실행하는 것을 목적으로 하는 예술이라는 점이 종종 간과된다. 그러나 예술에서 해프닝이 규칙과 대상 사이에서 발생할 수 있는 예측 불가능한 사건, 즉 외부 환경과 행위자의 내적 규칙의 조우로부터 발생할 수 있는 우연을 조직화하기 위한 것이었음이 1960년대 전위 예술가들을 통해 확인된다. 특히 이들이 남긴 스코어(score)는 해프닝 당시에는 부각되지 않은 연출과 움직임으로부터 비롯된 행위의 다양성을 보여주면서, 어떤 규칙이 주어져야만 발생할 수 있는 것으로서 우연과 즉흥, 엄밀히 말해, ‘계획된 우연’과 ‘의도된 즉흥’으로서 해프닝을 설명한다. 본 논문은 최근 무인 항공기 드론을 이용한 사례 비교를 통해 뉴 미디어 아트에서도 이와 유사한 교차 및 조우가 이루어진다는 것을 확인하고, 해프닝을 ‘규칙과 환경이 교차하는 지점에서 일어나는 조직화된 우연’으로서 담론적 결론을 제시한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper examines the reality of a happening. It is often overlooked that a happening is a type of art which aims to minimize the risks involved in chance and indeterminacy, with attention focused on the aspect of avant-garde art, or of the production of an accidental situation or the induction of immediate acts. However, it is confirmed that a happening in art was intended to organize the opportunities that could arise from unpredictable events that could occur between rules and objects, that is, from encounters with the intrinsic rules of actor and the external environment through avant-garde artists in the 1960s. In particular, the score explains a happening as a chance and improvisation, strictly speaking, a ‘planned coincidence’ and an ‘intended improvisation’ that can only occur if certain rules are given, while they show the diversity of behaviors stemming from the directing and movement not highlighted at the time of the event. This paper confirms similar intersections and encounters in new media art by comparing cases of the use of drones as an unmanned airplane and presents discursive conclusions pertaining to the ‘organized coincidence that takes place at the intersection of rules and the environment.’

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 문성태, "실내외 군집 비행 시스템 소개" 한국지능시스템학회 27 (27): 215-223, 2017
• 2 Wiener, N, "human use of human beings: cybernetics and society" Text 2011
• 3 CGTN, "Why Ehang's record-breaking 1,374-drone show became a disaster?"
• 4 Lacan, J, "The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis Book 11" W. W. Norton & Company 1998
• 5 Cage, J, "THE FUTURE OF MUSIC: CREDO" Oser Communications Group, Inc 20 (20): 44-51, 1962
• 6 Kaprow, A, "Some Recent Happenings" Something Else Press 1900-2000, 2004
• 7 Goldberg, R, "Performance art: from futurism to the present" Dongmunsun 1991
• 8 Halprin, A, "Parades and Changes"
• 9 Cage, J, "Notations" Something Else Press 1969
• 10 Verity Studio, "New York Knicks Pre-Game Show Debut at Madison Square Garden"
• 11 Saatchi & Saatchi, "Meet Your Creator - Quadrotor Show"
• 12 RC Drone Arena, "Intel Drone Light Show with orchestra"
• 13 "Intel Drone Light Show at The Olympics"
• 14 Wired, "Inside The Olympics Opening Ceremony World-Record Drone Show"
• 15 Kaprow, A, "How to make a happening (LP Album)"
• 16 Kirby, M, "Happenings: an illustrated anthology" E. P. Dutton 1965
• 17 Intel, "Experience the Team in Flight at PyeongChang 2018 | Intel"
• 18 Kaprow, A, "Excerpts from “Assemblages, Environments & Happenings.” Happenings and other acts" Routledge 197-205, 1995
• 19 Ehang, "Ehang Egret’s 1374 drones dancing over the City Wall of Xi’an, achieving the Guinness World Records"
• 20 Ars Electronica, "Drone 100: A World Record Featuring 100 Points"
• 21 "Drone 100 2016"
• 22 Kim, D, "Development of Outdoor Swarm Flight System with Multiple Drones" The Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences 2017 (2017): 776-779, 2017
• 23 Halprin, A, "Dance Score for Anna Halprin's "The Five Legged Stool"" Anna Halprin Digital Archive
• 24 Verity Studio, "Cirque du Soleil’s first Broadway show “Paramour”"
• 25 Trevor M, "China nabs world record for biggest drone display, but it’s a bit of a mess"
• 26 Wolfe, Harmony V, "Between Structure and Indeterminacy Anna Halprin and the Score for The Five Legged Stool" 2 (2): 141-148, 2012
• 27 Kaprow, A, "Allan Kaprow: 18 happenings in 6 parts" Thames & Hudson 2007
• 28 "18 Happenings in 6 Parts"
• 29 UAV Expert News, "100 Dancing Drones"