The Vision of the Man from the Sea (4 Ezra 13): Its Place in Apocalyptic Tradition and Rhetorical Purpose

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 에즈라4서 13장이 보여주는 ‘바다에서 올라온 사람’ 환상을 문학적, 역사적 관점에서 고찰한다. 에즈라의 환상은 가나안의 바알 신화와 다니엘 7장에서 발견되는 전통적인 심상과 모티프들을 창조적으로 차용하여 독특한 메시아론을 제시한다. 다니엘 7장의 묵시문학 전통은 13장의 ‘사람 환상’외에도 11장의 ‘독수리 환상’에서도 차용되는데, ‘사람 환상’과 ‘독수리 환상’은 함께 우주론적 악의 힘에 대항하는 논쟁적인 아이러니를 형성하는 문학적 기능을 보여준다. 이들 환상은 다니엘의 자료에 미래를 위한 메시아적 희망이라는 새로운 모티프를 더한다. ‘사람 환상’은 하나님의 불을 통한 심판이라는 주제를 발전시키고, ‘독수리 환상’은 하나님의 심판의 법적인 측면을 드러낸다. 이는 다니엘이 지닌 풍성한 신화적 유산을 에즈라4서의 저작 목적에 따라 창조적으로 변용한 결과이다. 에즈라의 두 환상이 보여주는 법정적인 측면과 전투적인 측면은 함께 작용하여 하나님의 정의가 실현될 것임을 독자에게 확신시킨다. 또한, 에즈라의 메시아 개념은 신적인 특성과 인간적 특성의 혼재라는 또 다른 독특한 관점을 보여준다. 이러한 관점은 에즈라가 발전시킨 메시아론의 중요한 측면이다. 에즈라는 자신이 경험한 역사적 상황에 대한 신학적 응답으로서 자신의 메시아 사상을 발전시켰다. 메시아가 지닌 초인간적인 특질은 신화적인 언어로 분명하게 표현되었으며 하나님의 통치와 그에 따라 이미 결정된 미래 역사에 대한 선지자 에즈라의 신뢰를 강화한다. 본 연구가 다루는 에즈라의 환상들은 종말에 관한 기대와 함께 메시아를 통한 이스라엘의 신원을 기다린다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Ezra’s vision of the ‘Man from the Sea’ (or the Man Vision) utilizes the traditional imagery and shares the relationship pattern of the traditional motifs with Daniel 7 and the Canaanite Baal myths. When read together with the Eagle Vision, another adoption of Daniel 7, those two visions form polemical irony against the cosmic evil forces. The given visions add a new motif to their Danielic sources, i.e., a messianic hope for the future. The Man Vision develops the motif of divine punishment by divine fire, whereas the Eagle Vision entertains the legal aspect of divine judgment. The Danielic tradition allows such diverse developments because it abounds with creative mythological ambiguity. Both forensic and militant aspects of the messiah in Ezra’s visions are intended to cooperate and convince the fulfillment of God’s justice. Those two visions have a synergetic effect of assuring the realization of the eschatological victory over evil. We observe another intriguing development in Ezra’s concept of the messiah. The apocalyptist gives both divine and human features to the messiah. This new development is relevant to the historical situation that the apocalyptic author experienced. The messiah’s supra-human features are articulated in mythological terms and reinforce the visionary’s trust in God’s governance and the determined future history.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Mythological Background and Literary Dependence of 4 Ezra 13
• 3. Ezra’s Creative Adoptions of the ‘Son of Man’ Vision in Daniel 7: the Vision of the Man from the Sea and the Eagle Vision
• 4. The Messianic Kingdom and the Vision of Man from the Sea
• 5. Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Abstract
• 초록

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