중국의 글자 개혁사 : 청조·중화민국·중공의 한자 안쓰기 = HISTORY OF CHINESE CHARACTER REFORMATION MOVEMENT IN THE MAINLAND OF CHINA FOCUSING UPON THOSE OF CHING DYNASTY, REPUBLIC OF FREE CHINA, AND THE RED CHINA

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This report is chiefly aimed at re-considering those government policies upon the use of Chinese characters in the mainland of China, and at re-enlightening the dogmatic views against the Hangulizationism (mono-use of Korean alphabet only) in Korea, in spite of the fact that ever after 1850, the advocation for our abolishing the Chinese characters and Hangulization in Korean novels had been initiated and publicized. As a result of such movement, our national habit of adopting Hangul, our Korean alphabet, only has gradually been confirmed ever since 1900. Moreover, the whole series of the textbooks for both the elementary and the secondary school children have been compiled only in Hangul ever since 1945. In law, all of our official documents in the government ought to be written only in Hangul, and as in the Western alphabets, the writing order should not be in the vertical but in the horizontal order of printing ever since December, 1968.
In other words, the government policies upon the practical abolition of the Chinese characters and its substitutional adoption of new alphabet system in the mainland of China, the hometown of chinese characters, have historically been examined here. As a result of this study, the following points have been made clear. The advocating trends for abolishing the chinese characters in the mainland of China, were directed by the criticism upon the difficulty of learning and using the Chinese characters when the Chinese people suffered their national calamity of losing Hong-kong as a result of the Nanjing Treaty in 1839 after they lost the Opium War. The Chinese people, distrusting their government, had given a closed look at the Western culture, Consequently, the Chinese people, discovering the fact that the Western culture had highly been prospered by the simplicity of the alphabets, have been in greater anguish to discover another fact that the illiteracy ratio of Chinese population is 85%, and 95% of the ideograms are being used as the phonograms, merely 5% of the total Chinese characters are used as the ideograms. In the end the Chinese scholars noticed that they should abolish the Chinese characters and adopt some system of phonograms. Their ideas developed into the government measures by the powerful political leader's cooperation; while the Free China today, emotionally heading for the opposite direction. On the contrary, the Red China, occupying the mainland of China, and maintaining the membership in the United Nations, boldly attempts to invent some new alphabetical system for the purpose of abolishing the Chinese characters. The present situation is that the Pirmer Chu Eun Lai declares that in 1980 China will become the country of abolishing the Chinese characters in the daily life of the general public.
We can classify the ideas of the Chinese character reformation movement in the Red China into 5 classes: the ultra-nationalistic conservatists who assert that the number of Chinese characters be reduced to the minimum, and some kind of simplified strokes in Chinese characters be used; the negativists who assert that their new alphabet should be formed like the Japanese katakana by applying parts of the Chinese character either from upper, middle, or lower radicals; the numeralists who assert that their new alphabet should be adopted either from their old numerical symbols or the Arabian numerical symbols; and the last faction, the Romanizationists who assert that their alphabet should be adopted from the Roman alphabet; the stenographic codists who assert that their new alphabet should be adopted from the codes.
The Roman catholic priest and German Father, Dr. Lele who had serverd in Korea in 1920's, when China was busy mapping out their character reformation plans, made a suggestion to the Chinese people that they adopt Korean Hangul(alphabet) as the new Chinese alphabet. Unfortunately, however, this suggestion was rejected by the Chinese government. They felt it shameful to adopt the alphabet of the perished nation though they knew that Korean alphabet is one of the most excellent alphabets in the world. "How regretable it is! We can not adopt the Korean alphabet, the perished nation's alphabet." This was their excuse.
In the end, owing to the extreme gaps of the local dialects in China, the Chinese characters in the mainland of China will finally be abolished. The great write Lui Shin(died in 1936) once said, "If our Chinese characters are alive to be used as our national alphabet, China will be perished; therefore, Chinese characters ought to be abolished in order that China will survive." Furthermore, Chinese characters have sharply been criticized by so many scholars and so many political leaders as possessing too many strokes, too many letters, too many differnt and hard ways of reading according to the local diiferences, too many ways and letters of expressing one idea, for such drawbacks Chinese characters being the cancer and enemy to the modern Chinese life.
Therefore, the destiny of the Chinese characters is like a sunset setting down in the twilight zone. Moreover, considering the fact that in Japan, influenced by the Chinese abolition movement, it has so actively been propelled to abolish the Chinese characters in Japan ever since 1866. When will we Korean people be awakened from the silly nightmare of challenging the chinese character abolitionism in Korea?

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 머리말
• Ⅰ. 글자 개혁의 역사적 배경
• 가. 만신창이가 된《청나라》.
• 나.《청나라》의 멸망과《중화민국》의 탄생
• 다. 변모개작이 거듭된 한자
• 라. 한자의 96%는 뜻없는 소리글자
• 마. 한자 때문에 고민하는 중국
• Ⅱ. 《청나라》때의 '한자 폐지'와 '새 글자 만들기'
• 가. 조정의 관심과 협력
• 나. 한자 생활의 반성을 재촉한 일들
• (1) 한자의 폐단을 알게 됨
• (2) 선교사(천주교)들의 로마자 쓰기
• (3) 선교사들의 방언 연구와 그 출판
• 다. 중국인들 스스로의 글자 개혁
• (1) <루 주앙쟝>의 새 글자와 황제의 관심
• (2) 고초를 겪은 <왕 죠오>의 새 글자
• (3) <웬 시까이>의 새 글자 채택
• (4) <랴오 나이수안>의 '새 글자 운동'
• (5) 이색적인 숫자식 자모 방안
• Ⅲ. 《중화 민국》시절의 한자 폐지 시책
• 가. '새 글자 운동'에 곁들인 '국어 통일 운동'
• 나.《독음 통일회》와 「주음 자모」
• 다. '언문 일치 운동'의 고동
• 라. <첸(錢)>ㆍ<진(陳)> 두 사람의 한자관
• 마. <우 징행(吳敬恒)의 「주음 자모」관
• 바. 《국어 통일 주비회》와 '5ㆍ4 운동'
• (1) '5ㆍ4 운동'
• (2)《국어 통일 주비회》의 업적
• 사. <뤼신(魯迅)>의 문자관
• Ⅳ. 중공의 '한자 폐지'와 '색 글자 만들기'
• 끝 맺는 말
• 참고 도서