Mechanistic studies on nanostructure-based laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry : toward the nanostructure development

국문 초록 (Abstract)

MALDI 는 Karas 와 Hillenkamp 그리고 Tanaka 에 의해 개발된 질량분석방법으로 높은
정확성 및 높은 민감도를 지닌 분석 방법이다. MALDI 질량분석은 높은 정확성, 민감도, 빠른
분석 그리고 간단한 데이터 분석과 같은 여러 장점을 지녔음에도 불구하고 MALDI 에
사용되는 유기 매트릭스의 UV 레이저에 대한 취약함은 MALDI 질량분석의 심각한 문제이다.
레이저가 가해진 유기 매트릭스는 크고 재현성이 없는 조각난 매트릭스 이온 노이즈를
저분자량 영역 (<1000 Da)에서 형성하기 때문에 작은 분자의 질량분석에는 응용이 어렵다.
뿐만 아니라 불균일한 시료-매트릭스 결정화는 레이저가 가해지는 위치에 따라 질량분석
피크 세기가 크게 달라지게 하여 재현성을 낮춤으로써 분석 신뢰도를 떨어뜨린다. 위의
언급한 문제점들을 극복하고자 유기 매트릭스 대신 나노구조체를 질량분석 기판으로
사용하려는 시도가 등장하였고 이런 방법을 LDI 질량분석법이라고 한다.
그러나 나노구조체 기반의 LDI 질량분석은 대체로 기존의 유기 매트릭스를 이용하는
MALDI 질량분석에 비해 효율성이 낮다. 따라서 높은 LDI 질량분석 성능을 위해서는
효율적인 나노구조체의 설계 및 개발이 필요하다. 그러나 나노구조체의 기본적은 물성은
LDI 질량분석의 성능을 좌우함에도 불구하고 나노구조체 물성에 기반한 탈착 이온화 과정의
메커니즘 이해에 대한 연구가 많이 부족한 상황이다. 따라서 본 학위논문에서는 새로 개발한
나노구조체를 이용하여 탈착 이온화 향상 전략을 제시하며 특히 나노구조체의 빛에 대한
화학적, 열적, 구조적, 그리고 전기적 특성 분석에 초점을 맞추어 높은 질량분석 성능을 얻기
위한 여러 방법을 제시한다.
먼저, TiO2 나노선 표면을 금 나노아일랜드로 기능화한 금 나노아일랜드-TiO2 나노선
하이브리드를 합성하였고 이 기판을 통해 4 종류의 면역억제제 (tacrolimus, cyclosporin A,
everolimus, sirolimus)에 대해 효율적으로 LDI 질량분석이 가능함을 보였다. 금
나노아일랜드보다 TiO2 나노선이 높은 광촉매 활성을 보임을 실험을 통해 확인함으로써
TiO2 반도체 나노선이 이온화에 중요한 역할을 함을 알 수 있었다. 반면, 시차주사열량법
열분석을 통해 TiO2 반도체 나노선에 비해 금 금속 나노아일랜드가 표면에서 시료로 빠르게
열전달을 하여 시료 탈착에 기여함을 알 수 있었다. 뿐만 아니라 금 나노아일랜드와 TiO2
나노선 계면에서 쇼트키 배리어를 형성하여 전자와 홀의 공간적 분리를 유도하여 전하의
재결합을 막아 이온화 향상에 시너지 효과를 줌을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 첫번째 연구를 통해
금속이 탈착에 영향을 주는 반면 반도체는 이온화에 영향을 줌을 실험을 통해 확인할 수
있었고, 금속과 반도체 계면의 쇼트키 배리어로 인해 LDI 질량분석의 시너지 효과를 얻을
수 있음을 확인하였다.
두번째 연구에서는 나노다공성 금으로 TiO2 나노선 표면을 기능화한 나노다공성 금TiO2 나노선 하이브리드를 합성하였고, 레이저에 의한 in situ 표면 재구조화/녹음 현상이
높은 효율의 LDI 질량분석 원인이 될 수 있음을 제시하였다. 나노다공성 금-TiO2 나노선
하이브리드를 이용하여 3 종류의 신경전달물질 (norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine)에
대해 성공적인 질량분석이 가능하였다. 특히 나노다공성 금의 높은 빛흡수와 효율적인 빛열 전환효율로 인해 레이저가 가해졌을 때 나노다공성 금 표면의 재구조화/녹음 현상이
관찰되었고 이 현상은 순간적으로 표면에 붙은 시료에 내부에너지 (일, 열)를 전달함으로써
시료 탈착을 촉진하였다. 게다가 나노다공성 금에 붙은 인접한 TiO2 나노선 격자 왜곡을
발견하였고 이 격자 왜곡은 TiO2내에 산소 공공과 같은 결함을 발생시켜 trap state 를 밴드갭
내부에 형성하였다. Sub-gap defect state 는 레이저에 의해 여기된 전하 캐리어를 trap 하여
전하의 재결합을 낮춤으로써 이온화를 향상시킨다. 즉, 레이저에 의한 in situ 나노다공성 금
표면의 재구조화/녹음 현상은 탈착 그리고 이온화 효율을 높이는 원인이 됨을 본 두번째
연구를 통해 확인하였다.
세번째 연구에서는 압전성을 띠는 ZnO 나노물질을 LDI 기판으로 도입하여 압전성을
질량분석에 응용하고자 하였다. 금 금속에서 레이저에 의한 in situ 표면 재구조화/녹음
현상이 주변에 인접한 반도체 나노물질 격자 왜곡 즉, 격자 strain 을 가한다는 선행연구에
영감을 받아 압전물질은 ZnO 나노튜브와 그 표면에 금 나노아일랜드로 기능화된 금
나노아일랜드-ZnO 나노튜브 하이브리드를 개발하였다. 레이저가 가해졌을 때, 금
나노아일랜드의 표면 재구조화/녹음 과정에서 ZnO 나노튜브에 strain 이 가해지면서
압전분극이 발생한다. 압전분극 (+) 전하는 레이저에 의해 여기된 전자를 끌어당기는 반면,
압전분극 (-) 전하는 홀을 끌어당겨 전자와 홀을 공간적으로 분리하고 전하 재결합을
막음으로써 LDI 이온화 효율을 높인다. 즉, 본 세번째 연구에서는 금 나노아일랜드가 photothermal “nanofurnace”로 역할을 하여 LDI 질량분석 과정에서 인접한 ZnO 나노튜브에
압전효과를 일으켜 이온화 효율을 높일 수 있음을 제시하였다. 기존의 MALDI
질량분석으로는 측정이 어려웠던 극성이 낮은 fatty acids 및 산성/염기성이 낮은 monosaccharides 분석물질에 대해 금 나노아일랜드-ZnO 나노튜브 하이브리드를 이용했을 때는
측정이 가능함을 보임으로써, 세번째 연구에서 개발한 하이브리드 물질이 기존
질량분석법의 장벽을 극복하는 나노구조체가 될 수 있음을 제시하였다.
마지막으로, 높은 LDI 질량분석효율을 위해 레이저에 의한 shock wave 를 이용하는
방법을 제시하였다. LDI 레이저의 shock wave 측면에서의 연구가 거의 이루어지지 않았고
레이저 shock wave 의 이온화에 대한 영향 또한 잘 알려지지 않았다. 본 마지막 연구에서는
2 차원의 g-C3N4 nanosheet (2D g-C3N4 NS)를 LDI 질량분석 기판으로 활용하였고 레이저
shock wave 에 의해 점결함 및 압전성이 유도될 수 있고 이는 이온화 효율 향상에 기여함을
입증 하였다. 레이저 shock wave 는 압전성 g-C3N4 NS 기판에 압력을 가해 strain 을
줌으로써 압전효과를 일으킴으로써 전자와 홀을 공간적으로 분리함에 따라 전하 재결합을
낮춘다. 질소와 탄소 결합을 끊을 만큼의 매우 강한 레이저 파워가 가해질 경우 이 강한
레이저 shock wave 에 의해 질소 공공 및 탄소 공공과 같은 점 결함이 발생하고 이런 결함은
전자 및 홀을 trap 함으로써 전하 재결합을 낮춘다. 따라서 레이저 shock wave 에 의해 gC3N4 NS 에 생성되는 압전성 및 공공 결함은 이온화 효율을 향상시키는 원인이 되고 높은
질량분석 성능은 사람의 피에서 추출한 면역억제제 측정을 통해 확인되었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), de-veloped by Karas and Hillenkamp and Tanaka et al., is a high-accuracy and high-sensitivity analytical tool. Although this method has several benefits such as high accu-racy and sensitivity, and fast and straightforward data analysis, the fragility of the or-ganic matrix to the UV laser is a severe challenge for MALDI-MS. The laser-irradiated organic matrix produces intense and unreproducible matrix-related fragmented ions es-pecially in the low-m/z region (< 1000 Da), limiting the MS analysis of small molecules. Moreover, heterogeneous crystallization of the analyte-mixed matrix crystals leads to large variances in mass peak intensities depending on the laser-irradiation spot position and thus the analytical reproducibility is typically poor. To overcome these challenges, an organic-matrix-free approach was developed where a nanostructure is employed in-stead of an organic matrix, and this strategy is termed as laser desorption/ionization (LDI)-MS.
However, the nanostructure-based LDI-MS is generally inefficient compared to the conventional MALDI-MS. Thus, the design and development of efficient nanostruc-tures are required for high LDI-MS performance. Even though the fundamental proper-ties of the nanostructures govern the performance of LDI-MS, the mechanistic under-standing of the desorption and ionization processes based on nanostructure properties is limitedly available in literature. This dissertation presents several strategies for enhanc-ing the desorption and ionization with newly developed nanostructures, along with pho-to-induced thermal, electronic, and structural characterizations of nanostructures, to achieve high LDI-MS performance.
First, we presented a synergistic effect of the hybrid nanostructure composed of Au nanoislands and TiO2 nanowires (Au-TNW) for high LDI-MS efficiency of four immu-nosuppressive drugs (tacrolimus, cyclosporin A, everolimus, and sirolimus). Further, we explored the properties of Au-TNW hybrid that critically affected the respective desorp-tion and ionization. As observed in the high photocatalytic activity of TNW than Au, we concluded that the TiO2 material in the Au-TNW hybrid contributed to the ioniza-tion. In contrast, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis results demonstrated that the Au metal improved heat transfer from its surface to adsorbed an-alytes than TNW, indicating that Au material in the Au-TNW hybrid exerted a benefi-cial effect on the desorption. Moreover, we also attributed the synergistic effect of Au-TNW hybrid to the presence of Schottky barrier at Au-TNW interface, promoting the photo-excited carrier separation and thereby further improving the ionization efficiency.
Second, we proposed the laser-induced in situ surface restructuring/melting behav-ior in a hybrid of nanoporous Au-modified TiO2 nanowires (npAu-TNW) that might be the origin of high LDI-MS performance. We verified highly efficient LDI-MS results based on the npAu-TNW by analyzing three types of neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine). We observed a notable in situ surface restructuring/melting by laser irradiation in npAu structure in the npAu-TNW via high photoabsorption and efficient photo-thermal conversion of the highly porous npAu structure, which instan-taneously facilitated internal energy transfer from npAu to adsorbed analyte and thus increased desorption efficiency. In addition, we confirmed the lattice strain and distor-tion in the TNW crystal adjacent to restructuring/melting npAu by structural analysis, which introduced the charge trapping oxygen vacancy states in the TNW bandgap and thereby improved ionization process. This is the first experimental verification of the effect of laser-induced in situ surface reconstruction on the enhancement in desorption and ionization.
Third, inspired by previous laser-induced in situ surface restructuring/melting in Au metal, we introduced the piezoelectric nanomaterial of ZnO and fabricated the Au-ZnO nanohybrid. A hybrid nanostructure of Au nanoislands-functionalized ZnO nano-tubes (Au-ZNT) was rationally developed to generate lattice strain and piezoelectricity inside the ZNT crystal by in situ surface reconstruction of Au. For the first time, we reported the laser-induced surface restructuring/melting phenomenon by correlating with piezoelectricity development and its positive effect on LDI-MS. The developed piezoelectricity in ZNT structure modulated the electronic band structure particularly at Au-ZnO interface, resultantly separating the photo-excited charge carriers and improv-ing the ionization efficiency. By observing a notable structural changes only in Au metal, we demonstrated that Au served as a photothermal “nanofurnace” inducing pie-zoelectric effect on the adjacent ZNT during LDI-MS. The high LDI-MS results were validated by analyzing fatty acids and monosaccharides with non-polar groups and low acidity/basicity, revealing that Au-ZNT nanohybrid can overcome major hurdles in con-ventional MALDI-MS.
Finally, we proposed the approach utilizing laser-induced shock waves for efficient LDI-MS. Limited studies have focused on the aspect of laser shock wave that can gen-eratd pressure to the irradiated substrate during LDI-MS. Thus, we focused on the laser shock wave and explored its influence on desorption and ionization. We employed the two-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (2D g-C3N4 NS) as a nanostructure substrate for LDI-MS. This is the first study to report the effect of laser shock pressure on the ionization with correlations to both in situ development of atomic defect and piezoelectricity in 2D g-C3N4 NS by short laser pulses. Numerical calculation of laser shock pressure and HR-XRD and Raman analysis results revealed that both laser shock pressure-induced piezoelectricity and atomic defects such as N and C vacancies positive-ly influenced the ionization by separating photo-excited charge carriers and reducing recombination in LDI-MS. Ultimately, we verified practical applicability of g-C3N4 NS by analyzing immunosuppressive drugs in a biological environment of human blood and also demonstrated the analytical validity.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 Dreisewerd, K., "The Desorption Process in MALDI", 103, 395-426, 2003
• 2 Qiu, T., Tien, C., "Short-pulse laser heating on metals", 35, 719-726, 1992
• 3 Thompson, C. V., "Solid-State Dewetting of Thin Films", 42, 399-434, 2012
• 4 Knochenmuss, R., "Ion Formation Mechanisms in UV-MALDI", 131, 966-986, 2006
• 5 Dittrich, T., Timoshenko, V. Y., Sieber, I., Rappich, J., Kash-karov, P. K., Kamenev, B. V., "Laser-Induced Melting of Porous Silicon", 182, 325-330, 2000
• 6 Knochenmuss, R., Zenobi, R., "Ion Formation in Maldi Mass Spectrometry", 17, 337-366, 1998
• 7 Byun, M., Lee, K. J., Jung, D. Y., Jeong, H. Y., Hong, B. H., Choi, S.-Y., Choi, I., Choi, C.-G., "Laser-induced solid-phase doped graphene", 8, 7671-7677, 2014
• 8 Ali, J., Rizvi, S. Z. H., Chaudhary, K., "Laser-induced plasma and its applications", 259-291, 2016
• 9 Braunstein, G., Venkatesan, T., Steinbeck, J., Jacobson, D., Dresselhaus, M., "A model for pulsed laser melting of graphite", 58, 4374-4382, 1985
• 10 Aymonier, C., Xu, C., Ravi Anusuyadevi, P., Marre, S., Luque, R., "Nanostruc-tured materials for photocatalysis", 48, 3868-3902, 2019
• 11 Beser, U., Tommasini, M., Narita, A., Müllen, K., Maghsoumi, A., Feng, X., Castiglioni, C., "Raman spectroscopy of holey nanographene C216", 52, 2301-2316, 2021
• 12 Khokhlov, A. R., Tribelsky, M. I., Miroshnichenko, A. E., Luk'yanchuk, B. S., Kivshar, Y. S., "Paradoxes in laser heating of plasmonic nanoparticles", 14, 093022, 2012
• 13 Chen, Y., Zhao, Z., Wu, Y., Meng, Q., Liang, Q., Hu, Y., Fan, Y., "Tailoring the wettability of nanocrystalline TiO2 films", 258, 2266-2269, 2012
• 14 Jiang, G., Shi, J., Liu, Q., "Application of graphene in analytical sample preparation", 37, 1-11, 2012
• 15 Chen, H.-C., Wang, R.-C., Lin, Y.-C., Lin, W.-Y., "Energy harvesting from g-C3N4 piezoelectric nanogenerators", 83, 105743, 2021
• 16 Bahnemann, D. W., Martin, S. T., Hoffmann, M. R., Choi, W., "Environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis", 9, 69-96, 1995
• 17 Yao, Y. L., Zhang , W., "Micro Scale Laser Shock Processing of Metallic Compo-nents", 124, 369-378, 2002
• 18 Popa, V. T., "Apparent kinetics of ice melting revealed by DSC endotherms", 48, 987-995, 2003
• 19 Buriak, J. M., Wei, J., Siuzdak, G., "Desorption–ionization mass spectrometry on porous silicon", 399, 243-246, 1999
• 20 Mascaretti, L., Naldoni, A., "Hot electron and thermal effects in plasmonic photocatalysis", 128, 041101, 2020
• 21 Kim, S. M., Park, J. H., Lee, S.-H., "Synthesis, property, and application of carbon nanotube fiber", 58, 148-159, 2021
• 22 Ballard, P., Virmont, J., Fournier, J., Fabbro, R., Devaux, D., "Physical study of laser‐produced plasma in confined geometry", 68, 775-784, 1990
• 23 Du, S., Xu, S., Wang, N., Loy, M. M. T., Guo, W., "Piezotronic Effects on the Optical Properties of ZnO Nanowires", 12, 5802-5807, 2012
• 24 Song, J., Wang, Z. L., "Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays", 312, 242-246, 2006
• 25 Liu, H., Xiong, C., Sun, J., Nie, Z., Jiang, Y., Huang, X., "Ultrafast photocatalytic reaction screening by mass spectrometry", 92, 6564-6570, 2020
• 26 Lin, Y., Yang, J., Meng, Y., Liu, Y., "A two-step route to synthesize highly oriented ZnO nanotube arrays", 38, 4555-4559, 2012
• 27 Cui, X., Zhang, J., Zeng, S., Yang, L., Xiang, B., Wang, K., Shen, M., Feng, L., Dayeh, S. A., "Lattice strain effects on the optical properties of MoS2 nanosheets", 4, 1-7, 2014
• 28 Li, Y., Zhou, Z., Zhang, Y., Yu, J., Wang, J., Shen, Y., Liu, S., Liu, A., "Dissolution and liquid crystals phase of 2D polymeric carbon nitride", 137, 2179-2182, 2015
• 29 Ferrando, R., Panizon, E., "Strain-induced restructuring of the surface in core@shell nanoalloys", 8, 15911-15919, 2016
• 30 Ahn, M.-S., Lee, Y., Kang, M., Jeong, K.-H., "Bioplasmonic Alloyed Nanoislands Using Dewetting of Bilayer Thin Films", 9, 37154-37159, 2017
• 31 Cole, R. B., Van Berkel, G. J., Mora, J. F. d. l., Martinez-Sanchez, M., Fenn, J. B., Enke, C. G., "Electrochemical processes in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry", 35, 939-952, 2000
• 32 Yao, B., Shi, G., Li, C., Chen, J., "An improved Hummers method for eco-friendly synthesis of graphene oxide", 64, 225-229, 2013
• 33 Lu, M., Zuo, L., Yu, S., Wang, S., "Review of MEMS differential scanning calorimetry for biomolecular study", 12, 526-538, 2017
• 34 Antonietti, M., Groenewolt, M., "Synthesis of g‐C3N4 nanoparticles in mesopo-rous silica host matrices", 17 (14), 1789-1792, 2005
• 35 Ajayan, P. M., Zelisko, M., Yang, S., Sharma, P., Liu, Y., Li, J., Lei, C., Hanlumyuang, Y., "Anomalous piezoelectricity in two-dimensional graphene nitride nanosheets", 5 (1), 1-7, 2014
• 36 East, A. L. L., Smith, B. J., Radom, L., "Entropies and Free Energies of Protona-tion and Proton-Transfer Reactions", 119, 9014-9020, 1997
• 37 Jonušauskas, L., Purlys, V., Mackevičiūtė, D., Kontenis, G., "Femtosecond lasers: the ultimate tool for high-precision 3D manufacturing", 8, 241-251, 2019
• 38 Nordström, A., Woo, H.-K., Uritboonthail, W., Turner, K. L., Siuzdak, G., Northen, T. R., Northen, M. T., "High surface area of porous silicon drives desorption of intact molecules", 18, 1945-1949, 2007
• 39 Hanley, L., Yung, Y. P., Wickramasinghe, R., "Laser Desorption Combined with Laser Postionization for Mass Spectrometry", 12, 225-245, 2019
• 40 Wang, D., Yang, X., "Photocatalysis: from fundamental principles to materials and applications", 1, 6657-6693, 2018
• 41 Cai, W.-Q., Zhang, F.-J., Sun, X.-Y., Oh, W.-C., Liu, C., Kong, C., Kai, C.-M., "Research progress of defective MoS2 for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution", 58, 135-147, 2021
• 42 Zhang, W., Li, X., Li, H., Xue, Y., "Quantifying Thiol-Gold Interactions Towards the Efficient Strength Control", 5, 1-9, 2014
• 43 Bizao, R., Perim, E., Galvao, D. S., De Sousa, J., Botari, T., "Mechanical and structural properties of graphene-like carbon nitride sheets", 6, 76915-76921, 2016
• 44 Gu, S. L., Zhu, S. M., Zhou, X., Zheng, Y. D., Zhang, R., Ye, J. D., Shi, Y., Qin, F., Liu, W., Liu, S. M., Hu, L. Q., "Correlation between green luminescence and morphology evolution of ZnO films", 81, 759-762., 2005
• 45 Meng, A., Zhang, Q., Teng, Z., Su, C., "Intrinsic Defects in Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Photocatalysis Applications", 15, 3405-3415, 2020
• 46 Lawrence Yao, Y., Over, V., "Laser Shock Peening Induced Back Stress Mitiga-tion in Rolled Stainless Steel", 144, 2021
• 47 Cheng, J., Wang, Y., Li, J., Dong, X., "Graphene as a novel matrix for the analysis of small molecules by MALDI-TOF MS.", 82, 6208-6214, 2010
• 48 Anderson, G., York, G., Turner, T., Steele, H., Spicochi, K., Phipps Jr, C., Osborne, W., Haynes, L., Harrison, R., Corlis, X., "Impulse coupling to targets in vacuum by KrF, HF, and CO2 single‐pulse lasers", 64, 1083-1096., 1988
• 49 Grochowska, K., Siuzdak, K., Ryl, J., Karczewski, J., Haryński, Ł., "Scalable Route toward Superior Photoresponse of UV-Laser-Treated TiO2 Nanotubes", 12, 3225-3235, 2020
• 50 Falconi, C., Kim, S.-W., Khan, U., Hinchet, R., "Piezoelectric properties in two-dimensional materials: Simulations and experiments", 21, 611-630, 2018
• 51 Borchardt, H. J., Daniels, F., "The application of differential thermal analysis to the study of reaction kinetics1", 79, 41-46, 1957
• 52 Gupta, S., Narayan, J., "Reduced graphene oxide/amorphous carbon P–N junctions: nanosecond laser patterning", 11, 24318-24330, 2019
• 53 Altomare, M., Schmuki, P., Nguyen, N. T., "Templated dewetting: designing en-tirely self-organized platforms for photocatalysis", 7 (12), 6865-6886, 2016
• 54 Gill, P., Ranjbar, B., Moghadam, T. T., "Differential scanning calorimetry techniques: applications in biology and nanoscience", 21, 167, 2010
• 55 Chen, S., Yin, W.-J., Yang, J.-H., Yan, Y., Wei, S.-H., Gong, X.-G., "Effective band gap narrowing of anatase TiO2 by strain along a soft crystal direction", 96, 221901, 2010
• 56 Loh, K. P., Wang, J., Tang, L. A. L., "Graphene-based SELDI probe with ultrahigh extraction and sensitivity for DNA oligomer", 132, 10976-10977, 2010
• 57 Hillenkamp, F., Karas, M., "Laser desorption ionization of proteins with molecular masses exceeding 10,000 daltons", 60, 2299-2301, 1988
• 58 Chen, Y., Zou, J.-J., Zhang, X., Wang, Z. L., Wang, P., Wang, J., Sun, S., Pan, L., "Advances in Piezo-Phototronic Effect Enhanced Photocatalysis and Photoelectroca-talysis", 10, 2000214, 2020
• 59 Bian, Z., Xu, Z., Wang, Y., Ling, L., Li, H., Feng, Y., Cao, F., "Engineering spherical lead zirconate titanate to explore the essence of piezo-catalysis", 40, 481-486, 2017
• 60 Berg, D. C., Ziegmann, G., Javdanitehran, M., Duemichen, E., "An iterative ap-proach for isothermal curing kinetics modelling of an epoxy resin system", 623, 72-79, 2016
• 61 Huang, F., Wang, M., Wang, B., Lin, Z., "Enabling PIEZOpotential in PIEZOelectric semiconductors for enhanced catalytic activities", 58, 7526-7536, 2019
• 62 Knapp, D. R., Nayak, R., "Matrix-free LDI mass spectrometry platform using pat-terned nanostructured gold thin film", 82, 7772-7778, 2010
• 63 Pang, C. L., "Strain and stress effects on single crystal-supported titania and re-lated nanostructures", 35, 113001, 2020
• 64 Chen, Z., Zhang, Y., Yu, H., Yu, H., Wang, K., Liu, L., Huang, J., Huang, H., "Synergistic Polarization Engineering on Bulk and Surface for Boosting CO2 Photoreduc-tion", 60, 18303-18308, 2021
• 65 Castellana, E. T., Russell, D. H., Gomez, M. E., Gamez, R. C., "Longitudinal surface plasmon resonance based gold nanorod biosensors for mass spectrometry", 26, 6066-6070, 2010
• 66 Guo, L., Zhao, J., Wu, P., Wang, J., Osterloh, F. E., "Structure defects in g-C3N4 limit visible light driven hydrogen evolution and photovoltage", 2, 20338-20344, 2014
• 67 Cardin, D. J., Tsang, S. C., Jiang, C., Elliott, J. M., "An Electrochemical Study of 4-Aminothiophenol/Pt Nanoparticle Multilayers on Gold Electrodes", 25, 534-541, 2009
• 68 Rani, G., "Photoluminescence characterizations in phase transition alumina with boehmite nanostructures", 58, 747-752, 2021
• 69 Chen, J., Zhu, Y., Xiong, C., Wang, S., Ren, Q., Oh, W.-C., Li, J., Jin, Z., Guo, W., Ding, Y., "Microwave absorption and photocatalytic activity of MgxZn1− x fer-rite/diatomite composites", 59, 252-262., 2022
• 70 Guo, Y., Robertson, J., Li, H., "Calculation of TiO2 Surface and Subsurface Ox-ygen Vacancy by the Screened Exchange Functional", 119, 18160-18166, 2015
• 71 Hollis, J. R., Wood, S., Kim, J.-S., "Raman spectroscopy as an advanced structural nanoprobe for conjugated molecular semiconductors", 50, 073001, 2017
• 72 Jiang, K., Smith, D. A., Pinchuk, A., "Size-Dependent Photothermal Conversion Efficiencies of Plasmonically Heated Gold Nanoparticles", 117, 27073-27080, 2013
• 73 Gong, J., Zhu, Z., Zhang, Y., Pan, H., Murugananthan, M., "Visible light-driven photocatalytically active g-C3N4 material for enhanced generation of H2O2", 232, 19-25, 2018
• 74 Cho, Y.-T., Wu, W.-J., Wu, D.-C., Su, H., Shiea, J., Makowski, G. S., Kuo, C.-H., Hou, M.-F., "Chapter Six - Biomarker Characterization by MALDI–TOF/MS In Advances in Clinical Chemistry Ed", Vol. 69, pp 209-254., 2015
• 75 Huang, X., Zhao, Y., Ye, Y., Wang, K., Liu, P., Lei, R., "Integration of piezoelectric effect into a Au/ZnO photocatalyst for efficient charge separation", 9, 3771-3778, 2019
• 76 Bao, D., Wu, J., Qin, N., "Effective enhancement of piezocatalytic activity of Ba-TiO3 nanowires under ultrasonic vibration", 45, 44-51, 2018
• 77 Doh, W. H., Song, H. C., Park, J. Y., Nedrygailov, I. I., Moon, S. Y., Lee, C., Kim, J. J., Gwag, E. H., "Plasmonic hot carrier-driven oxygen evolution reaction on Au nanoparticles/TiO 2 nanotube arrays", 10, 22180-22188., 2018
• 78 Cremer, P. S., Sherrod, S. D., Russell, W. K., Russell, D. H., Diaz, A. J., "Silver nanoparticles as selective ionization probes for analysis of olefins by mass spectrometry", 80, 6796-6799, 2008
• 79 Fang, D., Xu, G., Tang, G., Hong, J., Guo, L., "Structural stability and optoelec-tronic properties of tetragonal MAPbI₃ under strain", 31, 225204, 2020
• 80 Agyeman, D. A., Kim, Y. H., Kim, S., Kim, M. G., Kang, Y.-M., Jin, X., Hwang, S.-J., "Crucial roles of interfacial coupling and oxygen defect in multifunctional 2D inorganic nanosheets", 67, 104192, 2020
• 81 Cheng, M., Zhao, Z., Zhao, H., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Wang, J., Wang, J., Wang, C., Qiao, Y., Li, Y., "Dual-ion-mode MALDI MS detection of small molecules with the O–P, N-doped carbon/graphene matrix", 10, 37732-37742., 2018
• 82 Kumar, K. K., Shunmugam, M., Samuel, G., "Theoretical and experimental investigations of ultra-short pulse laser interaction on Ti6Al4V alloy", 263, 266-275, 2019
• 83 Guo, B., Zou, H., Xu, S., Qiu, J., Li, Y., Guo, Z., "Carbon nanotubes as assisted matrix for laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry", 75, 6191-6195, 2003
• 84 Kong, X. Y., Wang, Z. L., "Spontaneous Polarization-Induced Nanohelixes, Nan-osprings, and Nanorings of Piezoelectric Nanobelts", 3 , 1625-1631, 2003
• 85 Li, T., Yang, Z., Tang, Z., Tang, Y., Ma, D., Lu, Z., "Effect of lattice strain on the oxygen vacancy formation and hydrogen adsorption at CeO2(111) surface", 378, 2570-2575, 2014
• 86 Arzt, E., Spolenak, R., Lu, X., Balk, T., "Dealloying of Au–Ag thin films with a composition gradient: Influence on morphology of nanoporous Au", 515, 7122-7126, 2007
• 87 Kang, Y. K., Scheraga, H. A., "An efficient method for calculating atomic charges of peptides and proteins from electronic populations", 112, 5470-5478, 2008
• 88 Dou, S., Zhu, Q., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Teng, F., Lu, N., Du, J., "Investigation of Surface Morphology on Ion Desorption in SALDI-MS on Tailored Silicon Nanopillar Arrays", 124, 2450-2457, 2020
• 89 Cho, Y. S., Soon, A., Mohanty, B. C., Jung, Y. S., Jang, W., Choi, H. J., "Origin of Prestress-Driven Optical Modulations of Flexible ZnO Thin Films Processed in Stretch-ing Mode", 9, 5934-5939, 2018
• 90 Kang, M. J., Yun, T. G., Pyun, J. C., Noh, J. Y., Kim, M. J., "Photothermal Structural Dynamics of Au Nanofurnace for In Situ Enhancement in Desorption and Ionization", 2103745, 2021
• 91 Arakawa, R., Yonezawa, T., Watanabe, T., Kawasaki, H., "Platinum nanoflowers for surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of biomolecules", 111, 16278-16283, 2007
• 92 Boey, F., Zhou, X., Zhang, Q., Zhang, H., Wei, Y., He, Q., "Reduced graphene oxide films used as matrix of MALDI-TOF-MS for detection of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin", 46, 6974-6976, 2010
• 93 Vyazovkin, S., "Activation Energies and Temperature Dependencies of the Rates of Crystallization and Melting of Polymers", 12, 1070, 2020
• 94 Diwakar, P., Verhoff, B., Hassanein, A., Harilal, S., Freeman, J., "Dynamics of femto-and nanosecond laser ablation plumes investigated using optical emission spectros-copy", 112, 093303, 2012
• 95 Anand, A., Unnikrishnan, B., Huang, C.-C., Chu, H.-W., Chang, C.-Y., "Functional gold nanoparticles coupled with laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry for bioanalysis", 8 (46), 8123-8133, 2016
• 96 Dreisewerd, K., Schürenberg, M., Hillenkamp, F., "Laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins with particle suspension matrixes", 71, 221-229, 1999
• 97 Wang, D., Zhu, S., "Photocatalysis: Basic Principles, Diverse Forms of Implementations and Emerging Scientific Opportunities", 7, 1700841, 2017
• 98 Meijerink, A., van Dijken, A., Vanmaekelbergh, D., Meulenkamp, E. A., "The luminescence of nanocrystalline ZnO particles: the mechanism of the ultraviolet and visible emission", 87, 454-456, 2000
• 99 McLean, J. A., Stumpo, K. A., Russell, D. H., "Size-selected (2− 10 nm) gold nanoparticles for matrix assisted laser desorption ionization of peptides", 127, 5304-5305, 2005
• 100 Gouldieff, C., Wagner, F., Natoli, J.-Y., "Nanosecond UV laser-induced fatigue effects in the bulk of synthetic fused silica: a multi-parameter study", 23, 2962-2972, 2015
• 101 Niehaus, M., Soltwisch, J., "New insights into mechanisms of material ejection in MALDI mass spectrometry for a wide range of spot sizes", 8 (1), 1-10, 2018
• 102 Kang, M.-J., Yun, T. G., Pyun, J.-C., Park, J.-M., Noh, J.-Y., Kim, M.-J., "A TiO2 nanowire photocatalyst for dual-ion production in laser desorption/ionization (LDI) mass spectrometry", 56, 4420-4423., 2020
• 103 Hu, M., Yang, N., Wang, S., Wang, G., Wang, D., Wang, C., Teng, Z., Lv, H., "Edge-functionalized g-C3N4 nanosheets as a highly efficient metal-free photocatalyst for safe drinking water", 5, 664-680, 2019
• 104 Li, L., Zhang, X., Xiang, D., Wu, M., Wang, Z. L., Wang, Z., Liu, Z., Liu, H., "Enhanced Piezo-Photoelectric Catalysis with Oriented Carrier Migration in Asymmet-ric Au−ZnO Nanorod Array", 16, 1907603, 2020
• 105 Anjum, N., Shehzad, R. A., Khera, R. A., Khan, A. U., Iqbal, S., Iqbal, J., Ayub, K., "DFT study of superhalogen and superalkali doped graphitic carbon nitride and its non-linear optical properties", 11, 7779-7789, 2021
• 106 Antonietti, M., Zhang, Y., "Photocurrent generation by polymeric carbon nitride solids: an initial step towards a novel photovoltaic system", 5, 1307-1311, 2010
• 107 Cornell, K. A., Wayment, L. J., Thurston, J. H., Hunter, N. M., "Urea-derived graphitic carbon nitride (ug-C3N4) films with highly enhanced antimicrobial and sporicidal activity", 505, 910-918, 2017
• 108 Mandal, S. M., "A direct determination of a glucose–arsenic complex by elec-trospray ionization time of flightmass spectrometry", 3, 1074-1078, 2011
• 109 Bachmann, D., Karas, M., Hillenkamp, F., "Influence of the wavelength in high-irradiance ultraviolet laser desorption mass spectrometry of organic molecules", 57, 2935-2939, 1985
• 110 Choi, H. J., Pyun, J. C., Park, J. H., Park, J. G., Lee, J. G., Lee, J. C., Kang, M. J., Choi, Y. J., "Nanowire‐assisted laser desorption and ionization mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis of small molecules", 19 (21), 3166-3170., 2005
• 111 Grasser, T. W., Serrano, J. R., Phinney, L. M., Kearney, S. P., Hopkins, P. E., Harris, C. T., "Criteria for Cross-Plane Dominated Thermal Transport in Multilayer Thin Film Systems During Modulated Laser Heating", 132, 2010
• 112 Li, L., Yalcin, T., "Cobalt coated substrate for matrix-free analysis of small molecules by laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry", 256, 1309-1312, 2009
• 113 Cho, Y. S., Park, J. W., Jung, Y. S., Choi, H. J., "Anisotropic in-situ stretching-strain engineering of flexible multilayer thin-film nanogenerators with Cu interlayers", 82, 105690, 2021
• 114 Bhargava, R., Murphy, C. J., Mukherjee, P., DeVetter, B. M., "Measuring binding kinetics of aromatic thiolated molecules with nanoparticles via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy", 7, 8766-8775, 2015
• 115 Lv, H., Xue, H., Wang, G., Wang, C., Teng, Z., Pang, H., "Bandgap engineering of ultrathin graphene-like carbon nitride nanosheets with controllable oxygenous function-alization", 113, 63-75, 2017
• 116 Chung, Y. J., Wu, M.-H., Wu, J.-M., Srinivaas, M., Lee, J.-T., "Ultrahigh effi-cient degradation activity of single- and few-layered MoSe2 nanoflowers in dark by piezo-catalyst effect", 40, 369-375, 2017
• 117 Belfiore, L. A., Zhu, Z., Yao, Z., Wang, P., Tang, J., Mao, S., Du, Z., Chen, L., "Visible Light Driven Hot‐Electron Injection by Pd Nanoparticles: Fast Response in Metal–Semiconductor Photodetection", 9 (1), 2001505, 2021
• 118 Siuzdak, G., "An introduction to mass spectrometry ionization: an excerpt from the expanding role of mass spectrometry in biotechnology", MCC Press: San Diego 9 (2), 50-63, 2005
• 119 Huang, C., Tseng, Y.-H., Shah, S. I., Ni, C., Lin, H., Li, W., "Size dependency of nanocrystalline TiO2 on its optical property and photocatalytic reactivity exemplified by 2-chlorophenol", 68, 1-11, 2006
• 120 Liu, P., Yang, G., Xiao, J., Wang, C., "External field-assisted laser ablation in liquid: An efficient strategy for nanocrystal synthesis and nanostructure assembly", 87, 140-220, 2017
• 121 Dai, L., Zeng, Z., Wu, Y., Wang, X., Tian, Z., Liu, J., Lin, Z., Hu, Z., He, B., Han, C., "On the role of localized surface plasmon resonance in UV-Vis light irradiated Au/TiO 2 photocatalysis systems: Pros and cons", 7, 4114-4123., 2015
• 122 Cao, W., Yang, Y., Yang, B., Wei, L., Su, T., Na, Y., Li, L., Fan, R., "An insight into the role of oxygen vacancy in hydrogenated TiO2 nanocrystals in the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells", 7, 3754-3763, 2015
• 123 Chen, D., Zhong, H., Zhang, W., Zhang, J., Yuan, Z., Wang, P., Tang, X., Li, R., Jiang, R., "Mass spectrometric monitoring of interfacial photoelectron transfer and imaging of active crystalline facets of semiconductors", 8, 1-13, 2017
• 124 Chen, D., Zhang, C., Xu, Q., Lu, J., Li, N., Li, H., He, J., "The ultrasonic-induced-piezoelectric enhanced photocatalytic performance of ZnO/CdS nanofibers for degradation of bisphenol A.", 885, 160987, 2021
• 125 Link, S., El-Sayed, M. A., "Spectral properties and relaxation dynamics of surface plasmon electronic oscillations in gold and silver nanodots and nanorods", Vol. 103, pp 8410-8426, 1999
• 126 Lu, C.-H., Xu, Z.-Z., Wang, W., Su, M.-X., Song, J.-B., Ni, Y.-R., "Enhanced visible-light photoactivity of {001} facets dominated TiO2 nanosheets with even distributed bulk oxygen vacancy and Ti3+", 22, 19-23, 2012
• 127 Boughton, R. I., Zhao, Z., Tian, J., Liu, H., Kumar, A., "Recent progress in design, synthesis, and applications of one-dimensional TiO 2 nanostructured surface heter-ostructures: a review", 43, 6920-6937, 2014
• 128 Andrés, J., Varela, J. A., Silva Junior, E., Longo, E., Liu, M. S., La Porta, F. A., "A relationship between structural and electronic order–disorder effects and optical prop-erties in crystalline TiO2 nanomaterials", 44, 3159-3175, 2015
• 129 Du, J., Zhu, Q., Wang, Y., Teng, F., Lu, N., "Ag nanoparticles/ZnO nanorods for highly sensitive detection of small molecules with laser desorption/ionization mass spec-trometry", 192, 79-85, 2019
• 130 Cho, Y. S., Lee, G.-H., Kim, M. H., Kim, D. B., Choi, H. J., "Quantitative anal-ysis of improved bending fracture behavior of large-scale graphene monolayer-intervened flexible oxide thin films", 6, 6125-6131, 2018
• 131 Heiba, Z. K., Mostafa, N. Y., Ibrahim, M. M., "Structure and optical properties of ZnO produced from microwave hydrothermal hydrolysis of tris(ethylenediamine)zinc nitrate complex", 1079, 480-485, 2015
• 132 Antonietti, M., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Thomas, A., "Activation of carbon nitride solids by protonation: morphology changes, enhanced ionic conductivity, and photocon-duction experiments", 131, 50-51, 2009
• 133 Chen, Y.-C., Sunner, J., Dratz, E., "Graphite surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins from liquid solutions", 67, 4335-4342, 1995
• 134 Silina, Y. E., Volmer, D. a., "Nanostructured Solid Substrates for Efficient Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LDIMS) of Low Molecular Weight Compounds", 138, 7053-7065, 2013
• 135 Arakawa, R., Yonezawa, T., Watanabe, T., Sugitani, T., Moriwaki, H., Kawasaki, H., "Layer-by-layer self-assembled mutilayer films of gold nanoparticles for surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry", 80, 7524-7533, 2008
• 136 Du, X., Zou, G., Wang, Z., Wang, X., "A scalable chemical route to soluble acid-ified graphitic carbon nitride: an ideal precursor for isolated ultrathin gC 3 N 4 nanosheets", 7, 8701-8706, 2015
• 137 Gedda, G., Wu, H.-F., "Fabrication of surface modified ZnO nanorod array for MALDI-MS analysis of bacteria in a nanoliter droplet: a multiple function biochip", 288, 667-677, 2019
• 138 Cheng, Q., Song, K., "Desorption and ionization mechanisms and signal enhancement in surface assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS)", 55, 220-242, 2020
• 139 Cai, Z., Lu, M., Lai, Y., Chen, G., "Matrix interference-free method for the analysis of small molecules by using negative ion laser desorption/ionization on graphene flakes", 83, 3161-3169, 2011
• 140 Kang, M. J., Yun, T. G., Pyun, J. C., Park, J. M., Noh, J. Y., Kim, M. J., "Gold‐nanoparticle‐coated magnetic beads for concentration and ionization of analytes for laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry", 33, 527-538., 2019
• 141 Koch, M., Volmer, D. A., Silina, Y. E., "Influence of surface melting effects and availability of reagent ions on LDI‐MS efficiency after UV laser irradiation of Pd nanostructures", 50, 578-585, 2015
• 142 Chaitaworn, S., Praserthdam, P., Panpranot, J., Mekasuwandumrong, O., "Pho-tocatalytic Liquid-Phase Selective Hydrogenation of 3-Nitrostyrene to 3-vinylaniline of Various Treated-TiO2 Without Use of Reducing Gas", 9, 329, 2019
• 143 Guo, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, T., Tu, S., Ma, T., Huang, H., Hu, C., "Piezocatalysis and piezo‐photocatalysis: catalysts classification and modification strategy, reaction mechanism, and practical application", 30, 2005158, 2020
• 144 Cho, Y. S., Park, S. J., Kim, D. B., Jo, K. S., "Contribution of Anisotropic Lattice-Strain to Piezoelectricity and Electromechanical Power Generation of Flexible Inorganic Halide Thin Films", 12, 2103329, 2022
• 145 Xiao, K., Zhang, Y., Zhang, T., Tian, N., Huang, H., Du, X., Dong, F., "Template-free precursor-surface-etching route to porous, thin g-C3N4 nanosheets for enhancing photocatalytic reduction and oxidation activity", 5, 17452-17463, 2017
• 146 Bakharev, P. V., Wojcik, P. M., Rajabi, N., McIlroy, D. N., Bastatas, L. D., "The effects of sub-bandgap transitions and the defect density of states on the photocurrent response of a single ZnO-coated silica nanospring", 32, 035202., 2020
• 147 Ahn, C., Song, J. T., Oh, J., Jeon, S., Hyun, G., Ham, Y., Cho, D., "Hierarchi-cally porous Au nanostructures with interconnected channels for efficient mass transport in electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction", 117, 5680-5685., 2020
• 148 Wang, X., Zhou, Y., Xie, J., "Understanding formation mechanism of titanate nan-owires through hydrothermal treatment of various Ti-containing precursors in basic solu-tions", 28, 488-494, 2012
• 149 Lai, S. K.-M., Tang, H.-W., Ng, K.-M., Lau, K.-C., "Nanosecond UV laser ablation of gold nanoparticles: Enhancement of ion desorption by thermal-driven desorption, vaporization, or phase explosion", 120, 20368-20377, 2016
• 150 Cheng, G. J., Yang, H., Song, C., Liu, F., "Ultrafast femtosecond pressure mod-ulation of structure and exciton kinetics in 2D halide perovskites for enhanced light re-sponse and stability", 12, 4879, 2021
• 151 Guo, Y.-l., Ren, S.-f., "Carbon nanotubes (2, 5-dihydroxybenzoyl hydrazine) de-rivative as pH adjustable enriching reagent and matrix for MALDI analysis of trace pep-tides", 17, 1023-1027, 2006
• 152 Chen, F., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Tian, N., Ma, T., Huang, H., Hu, C., "Excep-tional cocatalyst‐free photo‐enhanced piezocatalytic hydrogen evolution of carbon nitride nanosheets from strong in‐plane polarization", 33, 2101751, 2021
• 153 Huang, C., Yan, Z., Wang, W., Pan, A., Mei, X., Lin, Q., "Numerical simulation on nanosecond laser ablation of titanium considering plasma shield and evaporation-affected surface thermocapillary convection", 453, 124384, 2019
• 154 Cho, Y. S., Jung, Y. S., Han, J., Choi, H. J., "In-situ stretching strain-driven high piezoelectricity and enhanced electromechanical energy-harvesting performance of a ZnO nanorod-array structure", 72, 104735, 2020
• 155 Chen, G., Xia, F., Sun, S., Sun, J., Gu, S., "First principles investigation of the electronic properties of graphitic carbon nitride with different building block and sheet staggered arrangement", 735, 131-139, 2018
• 156 Jung, H., Na, H. B., Lee, H. H., Kwon, D., Kim, Y.-H., Kim, B.-G., Jung, J., "Surface plasmon resonance characteristics of Au nanoparticles layered sensor chip for di-rect detection of stress hormone conjugated by nanoparticles", 12, 249-256, 2018
• 157 Ke, Y., Wu, H.-F., Kailasa, S. K., Chen, Z.-Y., "High resolution detection of high mass proteins up to 80,000 Da via multifunctional CdS quantum dots in laser desorp-tion/ionization mass spectrometry", 83, 178-184, 2010
• 158 Arakawa, R., Yonezawa, T., Watanabe, T., Tarui, A., Shimada, T., Mafune, F., Kawasaki, H., "Detailed investigation on the possibility of nanoparticles of various metal elements for surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry", 25, 339-346, 2009
• 159 Darlington, T. K., Spencer, M. T., Prather, K. A., Oldenburg, S. J., Furutani, H., "Gold nanoparticles as a matrix for visible-wavelength single-particle matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of small biomolecules", 112, 4083-4090, 2008
• 160 Liu, H., Xue, J., Wang, J., Wang, J., Sun, J., Nie, Z., "Hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets as a multifunctional background-free matrix to detect small molecules and complicated samples by MALDI mass spectrometry", 53, 8114-8117, 2017
• 161 Kim, Y. K., Min, D. H., "The structural influence of Graphene oxide on its fragmentation during laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry for efficient small‐molecule Analysis", 21, 7217-7223, 2015
• 162 Jiang, J., Zou, J., Zhu, L., Zheng, A., Yi, X., Tang, H., Ou-yang, L., "Depend-ence of electronic structure of g-C3N4 on the layer number of its nanosheets: A study by Raman spectroscopy coupled with first-principles calculations", 80, 213-221, 2014
• 163 Hao, Y., Zhao, X., Yan, Y., Qin, Y., Meng, M., Lu, J., Lin, X., Huo, P., "Nitrogen defect engineering and π-conjugation structure decorated g-C3N4 with highly en-hanced visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and mechanism insight", 425, 131844, 2021
• 164 Ehring, H., Karas, M., Hillenkamp, F., "Role of photoionization and photochemistry in ionization processes of organic molecules and relevance for matrix-assisted laser desorption lonization mass spectrometry", 27, 472-480, 1992
• 165 Hashimoto, S., Werner, D., Uwada, T., "Remarkable photothermal effect of interband excitation on nanosecond laser-induced reshaping and size reduction of pseudospherical gold nanoparticles in aqueous solution", 26, 9956-9963, 2010
• 166 Arakawa, R., Yonezawa, T., Watanabe, T., Kawasaki, H., "Surface‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI‐MS) of low molecular weight organic compounds and synthetic polymers using zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles", 43, 1063-1071, 2008
• 167 Altomare, M., Yoo, J., Schmuki, P., Nguyen, N. T., "Efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution: controlled dewetting–dealloying to fabricate site‐selective high‐activity nanopo-rous Au particles on highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays", 27, 3208-3215, 2015
• 168 Devi, L. G., Kavitha, R., "A review on plasmonic metal⿿ TiO2 composite for generation, trapping, storing and dynamic vectorial transfer of photogenerated electrons across the Schottky junction in a photocatalytic system", 360, 601-622, 2016
• 169 Agrawal, K., Wu, H.-F., Shrivas, K., "Application of platinum nanoparticles as affinity probe and matrix for direct analysis of small biomolecules and microwave digested proteins using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry", 136, 2852-2857, 2011