코로나19 대응에 왜 베트남은 성공하고 필리핀은 실패했는가: 규율 메커니즘의 비교분석 = Dealing with COVID-19 in the Philippines and Vietnam: Comparing the swarming of disciplinary mechanisms

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구는 푸코의 통치성과 규율의 개념 그리고 스콧의 지역사회 맥락을 강조하는 연구를 토대로 코로나19 대응의 성패를 논의한다. 연구에서는 인구, 경제, 의료 자원 등이 유사한 수준임에도 불구하고 서로 다른 코로나19 상황이 전개되고 있는 베트남과 필리핀 사례에 주목한다. 분석 방법은 차이법과 맥락의 대조다. 두 국가가 감염병의 확산에 대응하는 과정을 살펴보고, 그 가운데 나타난 국가의 규율, 규율의 기능적 전환 그리고 이러한 메커니즘이 작동되는 방식을 비교분석했다.
분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 베트남 정부는 국민들이 단결할 수 있는 메시지(국가의 규율)를 전달했다. 베트남의 지도자와 보건 당국은 코로나19 상황을 엄중하게 받아들였고, 바이러스를 ‘적’으로 규정하는 등 방역에 가장 집중했다. 이를 통해 국민들은 감염병의 경험과 전쟁에 준하는 위기 상황을 의식화했고, 내면화(규율의 기능적 전환)가 성공적으로 이루어졌다. 즉, 베트남에서는 국가와 국민이 일치된 견해를 공유하는 상황에서 포괄적인 접촉추적, 진단검사, 그리고 격리 및 봉쇄 조치가 진행됐다. 결국 베트남은 이러한 메커니즘을 통해 방역에 성공할 수 있었다.
반면 필리핀은 방역 체계는 잘 갖추었지만 그 대응이 상대적으로 늦었고, 대통령의 메시지를 국민들이 받아들이는 내면화를 이뤄내지 못했다. 특히 필리핀 사회에 적합한 대응 메커니즘을 시행하지 못함으로써 국가와 국민의 상호작용이 나타나지 않았다. 결국 필리핀에서는 규율이 사회적 맥락에 부합하지 않았고, 규율의 기능적 전환 역시 사회적 확장으로 이어지지 않아 방역에 실패하고 말았다.
보건의료 차원에서 볼 때 높은 수준의 테스트, 엄격한 격리 조치와 폐쇄가 코로나19 방역에 가장 효과적일 수 있다. 하지만 이러한 전략은 국가의 동원자원과 역량, 그리고 사회적 맥락의 차이 때문에 모든 국가에 동일하게 적용될 수는 없다. 이 글은 효과적인 방역을 위해서는 국가 규율이 사회적으로 확산되는 메커니즘이 작동해야 하며, 그 메커니즘의 효과성은 국가와 국민 간의 상호소통에 기반한 규율의 기능적 전환에 달려있음을 강조한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper focused on the success and failure of the state's preventive measures against COVID-19 by collaborating Foucault's governmentality and discipline, and Scott's study underlining the local context. This research paid attention to Vietnam and the Philippines presented conflicting situations, although the two countries have similar conditions such as population, economic level, and medical resources. An analytical method is a difference(disagreement) and contextual comparison. It compared and analyzed the states' discipline, the functional inversion of the disciplines, and the swarming of disciplinary mechanisms by examining Vietnam and the Philippines' reaction to COVID-19.
The result of the analysis is as follows. Vietnam government delivered a message to unite the people with the so-called discipline. The leader and the department of Health rigorously considered COVID-19 and defined the epidemic situation as an enemy to take preventive measures in Vietnam. Through it, the people could identify epidemic surround the same as the war and successfully transferred the discipline to interiorization with the state's message. In short, Vietnam government enabled comprehensive contact-tracing and diagnostic tests for COVID-19 based on an interaction between the state and the people. Fianlly, Vietnam's discipline, the functional inversion, and the swarming of disciplinary mechanisms led to successful of disease prevention.
On the other hand, the Philippines set up systematic arrangements for the preventive measures against COVID-19, but implementing policies were not preemptive, and the state's messages were not interiorized among the people. In particular, the reactive mechanism for COVID-19 was inappropriate to the Philippines' context. Therefore, the interaction between the state and the people did not occur. Put differently, the disciplinary mechanisms and the functional inversion of the disciplines were discrepant, and could not provoke the social expansion of the disciplines. As a result, the Philippines' preventive measures were ineffective.
In terms of public health and medical perspectives, the high rate of diagnosis tests, rigorous quarantine, and lockdown could positively affect preventive measures. However, all good policies do not bring about a good result because all states have different social contexts, mobilizing resources, and the state capacity. Therefore, this paper underlined that the state's mechanism indispensable runs delicately under the unprecedented pandemic, and the mechanism's performance depends on the functional inversion of the disciplines and its expansion with the interaction between the state and the people.

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