論荀子的禮和法後王 ——以“禮義統類”槪念分析 = On Xunzi’s Ritual and “Following the Later King”: An Analysis of the Idea “A Consistent Principle of Ritual” (liyi tonglei 禮義統類)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Xunzi’s 荀子 all ideas can be synthesized into a single word, “ritual” (li 禮). Through Xunzi’s concept of “a consistent principle of ritual” (liyi tonglei 禮義統類), which reveres ritual and emphasizes knowledge, we can find the concept of “the Later King” (hou wang 後王) to have independent, special meaning. Xunzi insisted on external social norms all the way. By emphasizing “verification through people’s lives,” he asserted that human nature is essentially evil; by focusing on “understanding based on the present,” he asserted following the Later King. What Xunzi, who puts stress on objectivity and reality, tried “to follow”(fa 法) was the way of the Earlier Kings (xian wang 先王). However, he could not follow the way as it was because it was too old and had not been transmitted in detail. Only “the constitution of ritual” (lixian 禮憲) can be followed after the Later King’s institutional reform. This is the temporal reason that Xunzi asserted following the Later King. Xunzi’s “consistent principle of ritual” was to find common principles out of ritual’s development process. The opinions such as “See the far things through the close; see ten thousand things through one thing” were the bases to explain the concept of “following the Later King”, in other words, “following Zhou 周.” Zhou’s way, institution, culture, and ritual should be followed. The temporal and spatial concepts of “the constitution of ritual” and “a consistent principle of ritual” were all relevant to Duke of Zhou. The Later King who Xunzi referred to was not King Wen, nor King Wu, nor the lord of those days, but Zhougong.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

荀子的全部思想,一言以蔽之曰：“禮”｡“禮”在荀子政治思想中,不僅是他理念構思的中核,且爲他制度設計的立足點、歸結點｡我們從荀子隆禮義、重知識的“禮義統類”概念而論,就可知荀子的“後王”觀念本身具有其獨立的特別的意義存在｡荀子致力主張外在的社會規範;他强調“徵於人”,所以主張人性本惡;又重視“節於今”,所以主張效法後王｡荀子重客觀現實,他所要“法”的是可據可證的先王之道,由於歷時久遠,所傳不詳,所以不能夠效法｡所能取法的是後王因制革損益而創發的“禮憲”｡這是荀子法後王的時間上的理由｡荀子的統類說,便是爲發現禮義發展中的共理來提供的｡“欲知上世,則審周道”,“以近知遠,以一知萬”的說法,都是按此理由來說法後王的｡荀子法後王就是法周,要效法的就是周道、周制、周文、周禮｡荀子所說法後王,包含有周代典章制度意義｡時間上的“禮憲”及空間上的“禮義統類”都和周公有關,荀子所指的後王並不是文武,也不是當代君主,而是周公｡

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