1919년 - 서구 역사학의 분기점? = 1919 - A Watershed in the Development of Western Historiography?

국문 초록 (Abstract)

일차대전은 서구 역사학계의 판도에 큰 변화를 가져왔다. 가장 분명하게 드러난 현상은 주도권 변동이었다. 19세기 역사연구의 대명사였던 독일 역사학계는 종전을 기점으로 지배적 지위를 상실했다. 그 이유는 두 가지였다. 첫째, 패전과 베르사유 강화조약은 독일 역사학계의 주 관심을 ‘개전책임론’에 한정시켰다. 둘째, 이로 인해 독일에서 자라나고 있던 사회경제사 영역에 대한 관심이 새로운 패러다임의 출현에 필요한 이론・방법적 모색으로 발전될 수 있는 가능성이 소실되었다. 다른 서구 국가들에서도 새로운 역사학의 출현은 더뎠다. 미국을 제외하면, 그 어디서도 역사의 오용과 남용을 초래한 역사가들의 참전활동에 대해 충분한 비판이 제기되지 못했다. 무엇보다 베르사유 조약으로 인해 국가・민족 중심의 패러다임이 미국과 서유럽 국가들에서 여전히 영향력을 발휘했다. 그 결과 일차대전은 주목할 정도의 역사서술 혁신을 가져오지 못했다. 프랑스에서 아날학파가 독자적인 학술지를 창간하기는 했지만, 본격적인 방법론적 혁신을 위해서는 더 많은 시간이 필요했다. 현실의 엄청난 충격과 방법론적 혁신 사이에는 상당한 시간적 지체가 있었다. 이 점에서 볼 때, 일차대전 이후 10여년의 시간은 서구 역사학의 역사에서 하나의 막간극 같은 시기로 규정할 수 있겠다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The First World War had a great impact on the Western historiography. One of the most significant changes was the fact that Germany lost the hegemony in the historical academia. This happened for two reasons. Firstly, the loss of the war and the Treaty of Versailles limited the German historians’ interests in the cause and their nation’s responsibility of the war. Secondly, thus, the possibility of innovating the theories and methods of historical study in Germany disappeared gradually. The emergence of a new paradigm of historical study in other Western countries came rather slow. Except for the case of the United States of America, the wartime activities of the professional historians misusing history nowhere were criticized harshly. Mainly because of the Treaty of Versailles, the nation-oriented paradigm still played its influence on the historians in the major Western countries. The First World War was not accompanied by various attempts to challenge the conventional theories and methodologies of history. The historians needed more time to innovate the traditional paradigm radically. The Annales school in France was still in its initial state. There was a considerable time delay between the historians’ shock of the Great War and the emergence of a new matrix of historical studies. Therefore, the period from the end of the WWI to the 1920s in the history of the Western historiography could be defined as an interlude.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 들어가는 말 Ⅱ. 일차대전과 서구 역사가들의 일탈 Ⅲ. 참전활동의 후유증 Ⅳ. 혁신을 위한 전후의 시도들 Ⅴ. 나오는 말 : 1919년 - 서구 역사학의 막간극

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 崔豪根, "제 일차 세계대전과 역사가들 - 독일과 미국 역사가들의 참전활동 비교 -" 역사학회 176 : 277-307, 2002
• 2 Barnes, Harry Elmer, "서양사학사" 한울 1994
• 3 Iggers, Georg G, "독일 역사주의" 박문각 1992
• 4 Grattan, C. Hartley, "Why We Fought" Vanguard Press 1929
• 5 Members of the Oxford Faculty of Modern History, "Why We Are at War. Great Britain's Case" Clarendon 1914
• 6 Hintze, Otto, "Wesen und Wandlung des modernen Staats" 1931
• 7 Wallace, Stuart, "War and the Image of Germany. British Academics 1914-1918" 1988
• 8 Robinson, James Harvey, "War and Thinking" 1 : 1914
• 9 Bruendel, Steffen, "Volksgemeinschaft oder Volksstaat: Die "Ideen von 1914" und die Neuordnung Deutschlands im Ersten Weltkrieg" Akademie Verlag 2003
• 10 Sschwabe, Klaus, "Ursprung und Verbreitung des Alldeutschen Annexionismus in der deutschen Professorenschaft im Ersten Weltkrieg" 14 (14): 1966
• 11 Nagler, Jörg, "Transatlantic Images and Perceptions. Germany and America since 1776" German Historical Institute, Cambridge University Press 2003
• 12 Bourne, Randolph, "The War and the Intellectuals" 2 : 1917
• 13 Adams, William G. S, "The Reason for the War"
• 14 Fay, Sidney Bradshaw, "The Origins of the World War" 1928
• 15 Mombauer, Annika, "The Origins of the First World War: Controversies and Consensus" Longman 2002
• 16 Hanna, Martha, "The Mobilization of the Intellect. French Scholars and Writers during the Great War" Harvard University Press 1996
• 17 Iriye, Akira, "The Historiographic Impact of the Great War" 38 (38): 2014
• 18 Grattan, C. Hartley, "The Historian Cut Loose" 1927
• 19 Funk, Clayton, "The Committee on Public Information and the Mobilization of Public Opinion in the United States During the World War I: the Effects on Education and Artists" 14 : 1994
• 20 Novick, Peter, "That Noble Dream. The 'Objectivity Question' and the American Historical Profession" Cambridge University Press 1992
• 21 Kehr, Eckart, "Schlachtflottenbau und Parteipolitik 1894-1901: Versuch eines Querschnitts durch die innenpolitischen, sozialen und ideologischen Voraussetzungen des deutschen Imperialismus" 1930
• 22 Best, Brian, "Reporting from the Front: War Reporters During the Great War" Pen & Sword 2014
• 23 Gooch, George. P, "Recent Revelations of European Diplomacy" Green and Company 1927
• 24 Meinecke, Friedrich, "Probleme des Weltkrieges" 1916
• 25 Meinecke, Friedrich, "Politische Schriften und Reden" 1958
• 26 Drake, David, "Intellectuals and War" 2 (2): 2009
• 27 Vaughn, S. L, "Holding Fast the Inner Lines: Democracy, Nationalism, and the Committee on Public Information" University of North Carolina Press 1980
• 28 Götz, Walter, "Historiker meiner Zeit" 1957
• 29 Blakey, George T, "Historians on the Homefront: American Propagandists for the Great War" The University Press of Kentucky 1970
• 30 Leland, Waldo G, "Historians and Archivists in the First World War" 5 (5): 1942
• 31 Iggers, Georg G, "Historians Confronted with the War" 1998
• 32 Becker, Carl Lotus, "Everyman His Own Historian: Essays on History and Politics" 1935
• 33 Meinecke, Friedrich, "Die Ursachen des Deutschlandhaßes" 29 : 1918
• 34 Lepsius, Johannes, "Die Große Politik der europäischen Kabinette 1871–1914. Sammlung der Diplomatischen Akten des Auswärtigen Amtes" 1925
• 35 Valentin, Veit, "Deutschlands Außenpolitik von Bismarcks Abgang bis zum Ende des Weltkrieges" 1921
• 36 Rohkrämer, Thomas, "Der Erste Weltkrieg. Wirkung, Wahrnehmung, Analyse" Seehamer 1997
• 37 Von Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge, "Der Erste Weltkrieg" Seehamer 1997
• 38 Grupp, Peter, "Der Erste Weltkrieg" Seehamer 1997
• 39 Dülffer, Jost, "Der Erste Weltkrieg" Seehamer 1997
• 40 Arnett, Alex M, "Claude Kitchen and the Wilson War Policies" Little Brown 1927
• 41 Gooch, George. P, "British Official Documents on the Origins of the War, 1898-1914" Longman 1926
• 42 Muir, Ramsay, "Britain's Case Against Germany" Manchester University Press 1914
• 43 Wittek, Thomas, "Auf ewig Feind?: Das Deutschlandbild in den britischen Massenmedien nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg" Oldenbourg 2005
• 44 Cremin, L. A, "American Education: The Metropolitan Experience 1876-1980" Harper & Row 1988
• 45 Ford, Guy Stanton, "America's Fight for Public Opinion" 3 (3): 1919
• 46 Daileader, Philip, "20세기 프랑스 역사가들. 새로운 역사학의 탄생" 삼천리 2016