주요국의 대(對)베트남 상계관세 부과와 통상법적 쟁점 분석 = Analysis on Legal Issues of Vietnamese Subsidies subjected to Countervailing Measures

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Although U.S.-China trade disputes and COVID 19 make Vietnam an attractive alternative FDI destination, its rapid trade surplus expansion becomes a significant threat to its trading partners. As a state-capitalist country, Vietnam has structural characteristics that can create subsidy effects and strong incentives to use subsidy policies to attract additional investments actively.
Considering that countervailing duty investigation against another non-market economy, China, has caused continuous controversy, analysis on subsidy programs determined to be countervailable and legal issues during investigations will have high implications on Vietnam trade risk.
Subsidy-related trade disputes are expected to expand further as discussions on industrial subsidies and foreign subsidies targeting China become more mature. In the current situation where the economic linkage between Korea and Vietnam is further strengthening, more attention is needed.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

미·중 무역 분쟁과 코로나19로 인한 공급망 다변화로 중국을 대체할 시장으로 베트남이 주목을 받고 있다. 그러나 베트남의 급격한 무역수지 확대는 교역상대국에게 위협요인으로 작용하여, 대베트남 무역구제 조사도 급격히 증가하는 추세이다. 베트남은 국가자본주의를 채택하여 정부가 생산요소를 통제하고 있어 보조금 효과를 창출할 수 있는 요인이 기저에 존재할 뿐 아니라 추가적인 투자유치를 위해 정부가 산업 보조금 정책을 더욱 적극적으로 사용할 유인도 존재한다. 이에 본 연구는 주요국의 대베트남 상계조사현황을 살펴보고, 조사국들이 상계관세 조치부과가 가능하다고 판정한 보조금 프로그램을 직접자금공여, 통화관행, 적정보수 이하 제공, 세제 혜택, 정책금융의 유형으로 나누어 분석한다. 또한, 베트남이 교역상대국의 상계관세 조치를 WTO에 제소한 사례는 아직 없으나 또 다른 비시장경제국가인 중국에 대한 상계관세 조치가 그간 지속적인 논쟁을 야기해 온 만큼 향후 시사점이 높은 주요 법적 쟁점인 공공기관, 시장 비교기준(benchmark), 통화저평가에 대한 해석을 분석한다. 나아가 비시장적인 경제 행위를 규제하기 위해 산업보조금, 역외보조금, 우회방지 등 새로운 규범 도입 필요성에 대한 주요 국가들의 논의가 더욱 확대될 것으로 예상되는 바, 실제 이러한 규범들이 도입이 될 경우 베트남의 통상리스크 또한 높아질 것으로 우려된다. 한국과 베트남간의 경제연계가 더욱 강화되는 현 상황에서 현지에 이미 진출해있거나 향후 진출을 고려하고 있는 우리 산업계의 주의가 더욱 필요한 시점이다.

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