UAM 운용을 위한 비교법 연구 = (A) Comparative Legal Study on Urban Air Mobilities Operation
저자
발행사항
고양 : 한국항공대학교 일반대학원, 2023
학위논문사항
학위논문(박사)-- 한국항공대학교 일반대학원 : 항공운항관리학과 항공우주법 2023. 8
발행연도
2023
작성언어
한국어
주제어
발행국(도시)
경기도
형태사항
324 ; 26 cm
일반주기명
지도교수: 김선이
UCI식별코드
I804:41048-200000696269
소장기관
More than half of the world's population lives in cities. However, by 2050, the urban population is expected to exceed two-thirds of the total population. Between 1990 and 2018, the number of cities with more than 10 million people known as "megacities" in the United States more than tripled, from 10 to 33. According to analysis forecast data, it is estimated that there will be approximately 43 megacities in the United States alone by 2030, and more than 700 cities with a population of over 1 million (in the case of Korea, equivalent to innovation cities) will be created in the United States alone.
In the case of Korea, the traffic problem in the city center is emerging as a more serious social problem due to the concentration of population in Seoul, Busan (Bu. On the other hand, in rural areas, the population is projected to decrease rapidly, such as universities being closed. According to the 2023 statistics announcement, Korea's birth rate is 0.78, which is the lowest among OECD countries, but the population concentration in cities is not decreasing. In the meantime, efforts have been made to solve the urban traffic problem through the expansion of ground transportation infrastructure such as roads and railways.
Accordingly, the Korean government has recently been concentrating its efforts on building an industrial ecosystem for a new urban air mobility (hereinafter referred to as UAM). The need for the Concept of Operations (ConOps) is emerging in earnest.
The Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of Korea is conducting a project to build a smart drone industry base that can be used in various safety, convenience, and service fields where small (25kg or less) drone technology and advanced ICT are grafted and converged. Therefore, for the purpose of creating a new industry ecosystem related to unmanned aerial vehicles, smart drone education plans for talent cultivation, hands-on practice through activation of smart drones, provision of information on drone technology and regulations, utilization plans, and provision of information to support the spread of new drone technologies and standard payments. Research on this is in progress.
Against the background of the above-mentioned social phenomena, social interest in and utilization of drones (unmanned aerial vehicles) have recently increased, and at the same time, they are attracting national attention as a new growth field in the future. Unmanned aerial vehicles were initially used for military purposes, but with the recent development of unmanned aerial vehicles technology, the use of commercial drones has increased, and private demand is expected to soar. The technical development of unmanned aerial vehicles has already reached the level where drone taxis and drone courier deliveries are possible. Since the problem of aircraft safety cannot be sufficiently overcome, there are still many regulations in Korea that prevent the commercialization of unmanned aerial vehicles.
UAM represents a set of operating concepts that provide on-demand or scheduled air transport services for passengers and cargo within a metropolitan area. Previous UAM systems based on helicopters or small aircraft have not been consistently and extensively adopted due to noise problems and accidents. Therefore, the recent concept of UAM operation can be established in various fields such as policy, operation and operation, and air traffic flow management.
This paper presents the concept of UAM operation and operation and related matters in consideration of the characteristics of large cities in Korea, and sheds light on various problems through comparison with major foreign systems.
Recently, developed countries have been scrambling to develop various types of drones and battery technology, as well as the possibility of commercialization of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL). The need for introduction is expanding.
Modern society faces traffic congestion due to the large number of cars centered on large cities, and as the number of megacities is gradually increasing as described above, the problem of traffic congestion is predicted to become more and more serious. In order to improve such traffic congestion, one of the areas that countries and multinational companies are paying attention to is the UAM business.
This is because increasing urbanization increases the need for transport in terms of passenger and cargo volume, geographic reach, speed and environmental efficiency. To meet these needs, cities are investing in traditional ways, including rail, automobile, micromobility and bus services, but these ground transportation options are severely challenged by declining infrastructure, community restrictions on new development, and ever-increasing congestion. It is being hindered. UAM is a new concept that proposes to develop short-haul, point-to-point transportation systems in metropolitan areas using vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) or short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft. UAM also additionally aims to provide travel not only in metropolitan centers, but also on a smaller scale, such as flights between nearby cities, flights to and from suburbs or rural areas around cities, or flights within the city center of a single city.
In Korea, in June 2000, UAM Team Korea, a consultative body composed of 37 organizations including the government, industry, academia, and research, was launched to create a UAM industrial ecosystem. This consultative body prepares a UAM roadmap to promote core technology development projects (R&D), and is conducting various activities for commercialization of Korean urban air transportation (K-UAM), such as UAM demonstration.
Although UAM has not yet been commercialized in Korea, it is expected that it will be commercialized in the near future based on cooperation between the public, private and academic sectors. This wave of change is not only ours but also a global trend, and because the economic ripple effect of transportation is very high, it is attracting attention as a future food and high-tech industry that can lead national competitiveness, such as semiconductors, electric vehicles, and nuclear power plant facility technology. . Therefore, it is considered necessary to secure the safety of unmanned aerial vehicles as much as possible, and to implement optimized regulations that can help the development of related industries within it. To this end, it is necessary to subdivide UAVs in consideration of various factors such as weight, size, use, and operation method of UAVs, and to regulate appropriately for the classification.
Korea has yet to categorize UAVs only on the basis of weight and size in UAV-related laws, so it has not been able to prepare an optimized regulatory plan for each UAV's characteristics. As a result, even if unmanned aerial vehicle technology develops, it may become an obstacle to actual commercialization due to the possibility of problems such as safety, security, and invasion of privacy. It is self-evident that the vicious cycle leading to the stagnation of industrial development will continue.
Therefore, this paper aims to study the legislation and policy measures according to the commercialization of UAM as a preemptive measure to prepare for the era of commercialization of UAM in the future. To this end, the concept of operations of UAM and airworthiness standards for vertical take-off and landing aircraft are reviewed, focusing on ICAO, the United States, the EU, EU member states (Germany and France), and advanced aviation countries such as China and Japan, which are our neighbors. Therefore, I will write it for the purpose of seeking the development of our legal system. However, since no country in the world has achieved legislation and commercialization of UAM, this study intends to shed light on the direction of future development and institutionalization.
In the case of Korea, in order not to fall behind the development of foreign technologies and systems amidst the above-mentioned development, UAM-related systems as a transportation system were comprehensively developed to realize the goal of first commercialization in 2025 according to the K-UAM roadmap (June 2020). are being reviewed Considering the K-UAM Grand Challenge (public-private joint demonstration project, '22-'24) and the preparation period for commercialization in '25, it is now 23 years presented in the roadmap, so it is necessary to hurry up with legislation and policy reorganization even now. It becomes fodder. In addition, I think it is urgent to prepare a system to promote the commercialization of Korean urban air transportation (K-UAM) and prepare a plan for improvement compared to foreign systems and policies. To this end, we will seek institutionalization measures to secure UAM safety and support commercialization, and compare and analyze the enactment of special laws with foreign systems to shed new light on new laws and policies.
Looking at the current situation in Korea, in December 2020, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and related ministries (Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy, Ministry of Science and ICT, Ministry of Small and Medium Business Ventures, etc.) established a K-UAM technology roadmap for UAM commercialization in 2025 based on a global trend. has established Eventually, discussions on AAM (Advanced Air Mobility) as a concept of an air vehicle, including long-distance commercial delivery movement, advanced from UAM and more advanced than the urban air traffic system, began to be actively discussed around September 2021.
However, as mentioned above, the most important and urgent prerequisites for commercialization of UAM are ① ensuring safety on the ground and ② solving noise problems. In addition, the legal grounds for permitting transportation licenses in ③ competent ministries for the paid transportation business using drones should be established as soon as possible. Therefore, I think that active discussion and research on the applicable laws of UAM should be conducted behind such an active technology roadmap. Recently, I understand that the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport is taking the lead and comprehensively reviewing UAM-related systems as a transportation system to realize the goal of first commercialization in 2025 according to the K-UAM roadmap (June 2020).
However, the aircraft currently developed and scheduled for operation is a UAM with a pilot on board. This is similar to the existing charter and tourist transport helicopters, but it is a different flying chain. Currently, these aircraft are also called manned drones in Korea. The Drone Act was enacted in consideration of the era of automated control of manned drones through urban UAM such as drone taxis and drone traffic management system (UTM). However, it is already internationally recognized that a drone clearly means an air vehicle without a pilot on board.
In fact, Korea is almost the only country that adopts the term drone as a legal term, and in foreign countries, RPAS and UAS are used in the same sense as drones under current domestic laws. The most urgent thing here is that for UAM's passenger transport business, a legal basis for a transport business license is urgently needed. Currently, it is in the stage of discussion as to whether to place the ground rules for such a transportation business license in the Drone Act or whether to stipulate them uniformly in the current Aviation Business Act. Even if it is stipulated in the Drone Act, it is thought that it is easy to apply the transportation license provisions of the Aviation Business Act for detailed regulations.
Keyword: concentration, UAM, Drone Act, transportation , Aviation, UTM
전세계 인구의 절반 이상이 도시에 살고 있다. 그런데 2050년경에는 도시인구가 전체 인구의 2/3를 초과할 것으로 예상하고 있다. 미국에서 지난 1990년과 2018년 사이에 "메가시티"로 알려진 천만 명 이상의 도시의 수가 10개에서 33개로 3배 이상 증가했다. 예측 분석 자료에 의하면 2030년경에는 미국에서만 대략 43개의 메가시티가 될 것이고, 인구가 100만 명이 넘는 도시(한국의 경우 혁신도시에 해당)가 미국에서만 700곳 이상 생길 것으로 추정된다.
우리나라의 경우 서울, 부산(부.울.경), 인천, 수도권의 혁신도시(용인, 수원, 고양시 등)인 대도시권으로의 인구집중에 따라 도심내 교통 문제가 더욱 심각한 사회문제로 대두되고 있다. 반면에 지방은 대학이 폐교 되는 등 인구가 급격히 줄어들 것으로 전망되고 있다. 2023년 통계발표에 따르면 우리나라 출산율이 0.78로 OECD 국가중 최하위를 기록하고 있으나, 도시로의 인구집중은 줄어들지 않고 있다. 그동안 도로, 철도 등 지상 교통 인프라 확충을 통하여 도심 교통 문제를 해결하려 노력하였으나, 대도시를 중심으로 교통 혼잡도는 날이 갈수록 더욱 심화되면서 신개념 교통망의 필요성이 점차 대두되고 있는 것이다. 이에 최근 우리나라 정부에서도 새로운 도심 항공 모빌리티(Urban Air Mobility 이하에서 UAM이라 한다)의 산업 생태계 구축에 심혈을 기울이고 있으며, 이러한 추세에 발맞추어 국내에서도 기상, 도시 및 지형 여건 등 제반 특성들을 종합적으로 고려한 UAM의 운용개념(ConOps, Concept of Operations)의 필요성이 본격적으로 대두되고 있다. 우리나라 산업통상자원부는 소형(25kg 이하) 드론기술과 첨단 ICT가 접목 융합된 다양한 안전·편의·서비스 분야에서 활용이 가능한 스마트 드론 산업 기반을 구축하기 위해 사업을 진행하고 있다. 이에 무인항공기 관련 신산업 생태계 조성을 목적으로 인재양성을 위한 스마트 드론 교육 방안, 스마트드론의 활성화를 통한 체험실습, 드론 기술 및 규제, 활용방안의 정보제공, 드론 신기술 및 표준지급 확산지원을 위한 정보제공에 대해 연구가 할발하게 진행 중에 있다. 상기한 사회전반의 현상을 배경으로 최근 드론(무인항공기)에 대한 사회적 관심과 활용성이 증가함과 동시에 국가적으로도 미래의 새로운 성장 분야로 주목 받고 있는 것이다. 무인항공기는 초기에는 군수용으로 활용되다가 최근 들어 무인항공기 기술이 발전하면서 상업용 드론의 활용성이 증가하였고, 민간 수요가 급증할 것으로 예측되고 있다. 무인항공기의 기술 발전이 작급엔 이미 드론택시·드론택배배송이 가능한 정도에 이르렀으나 무인항공기로 인한 안전·보안·사생활보호, 소음 및 환경 등의 영역에서 권리 침해가 발생할 가능성이 크기 때문에, 특히 무인항공기의 안전성의 문제를 충분이 극복할 수 없는바, 아직은 우리나라의 경우 무인항공기의 상용화를 막는 규제들이 다수 존재하고 있는 것이다. UAM은 대도시 지역 내에서 승객과 화물을 위해 주문형 또는 정기 항공 운송 서비스를 제공하는 일련의 운영 개념을 나타낸다. 헬리콥터나 소형 항공기를 기반으로 하는 이전의 UAM 시스템은 소음 문제와 사고로 지속적이고 대규모로 채택되지 않았다. 그래서 최근 UAM의 운용개념은 정책, 운항 및 운용, 항공교통 흐름 관리 등 다양한 분야에서 수립 될 수 있는 것이다.
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