사이버 물리적 시스템을 통한 차량 네트워크 시뮬네이션 시스템 고찰 = A Study on Vehicle Network Simulation Systems Using Cyber-Physical Systems

국문 초록 (Abstract)

최근 자동차는 수십에서 수백 개의 전자제어장치(ECU)가 다양한 네트워크를 통해 상호 연결된 사이버 물리적 시스템(CPS)으로 진화하고 있다. 이에 따라 차량 내 네트워크(In Vehicle Network)의 기능적 검증, 성능 평가, 사이버보안 시험은 필수적 과제로 부상하였다. 그러나 기존의 실차 기반 시험은 높은 비용과 낮은 반복성, 제한된 보안 검증 범위라는 한계를 가지고 있어, 본 논문은 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 CPS기반의 차량 네트워크 시뮬레이션 시스템(Vehicle Network Simulation System)구현을 제안하였다. 제안된 시스템은 Restbus Simulation, HIL, VIL을 지원하는 계층형 아키텍처로 설계하여, 통신 시뮬레이션, ECU 검증, 보안 시험, 자동화 및 리포팅의 기능을 통합하고, 특히 보안 시험 모듈은 프로토콜 퍼징(Fuzzing), UDS/DoIP 취약점 스캐닝, 침입 탐지 시스템을 포함하여, 국제 표준(ISO/SAE 21434)과 정합성을 확보하려하였다. 본 연구를 통해 향후 자율주행 및 커넥티드카 시대에 요구되는 체계적인 검증·보안 평가 인프라를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Recent automobiles have evolved from purely mechanical transportation means into complex cyber-physical systems (CPS), where dozens to hundreds of electronic control units (ECUs) are interconnected through heterogeneous in-vehicle networks. As a result, the functional verification, performance evaluation, and cybersecurity assessment of vehicle networks have become critical requirements for ensuring traffic safety and system reliability. However, conventional vehicle-based testing approaches suffer from high costs, limited repeatability, and insufficient coverage of cybersecurity threats.
This paper proposes a CPS-based vehicle network simulation system designed to provide an integrated infrastructure for vehicle network verification and security evaluation. The proposed system adopts a layered architecture supporting Restbus Simulation as well as Software-in-the-Loop (SIL), Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL), and Vehicle-in-the-Loop (VIL) testing environments. Through this architecture, communication simulation, ECU validation, and automated testing workflows can be systematically conducted without reliance on full vehicle testing.
In particular, the proposed framework incorporates dedicated cybersecurity testing modules, including protocol fuzzing, UDS/DoIP vulnerability scanning, intrusion detection systems (IDS), and threat analysis and risk assessment (TARA) based on the HEAVENS 2.0 methodology. These features enable the identification of potential vulnerabilities in in-vehicle networks and support compliance with international cybersecurity standards such as ISO/SAE 21434.
The proposed vehicle network simulation system is expected to serve as a preventive verification and security assessment infrastructure for connected and autonomous vehicles. By enabling early detection of functional and cybersecurity risks at the development and testing stages, the framework contributes to enhancing traffic safety and supports the establishment of systematic regulatory and validation mechanisms for future vehicle systems.