低開發國과 國土綜合開發計劃에 對하여 = National Development Plan in Underdeveloped Countries

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The aim of this writing is to emphasize the importance of national comprehensive development plan in modernizing countries and to consider its content and technique. In advance of this, however, it seems necessary to make clear the concepts contained here.
First, the word "underdeveloped" society has often been used by many writers and governments without any fixed meaning. Sometimes it was equalized with transitional or 'backwardness.' Whatever the exact terms may be, the fact seems almost unmovable that they call the countries of Asia, Africa and South America underdeveloped and they are transitional societies between developed or semi-developed and undeveloped ones.
But though we call them just in a word 'underdeveloped' country, variety of the degree of development can be found among them in terms of their poitics, economy, society and culture. Therefor, we can say that the term is not absolute or fixed, but perhaps a matter of degree or for comparativeness. Of course, there are political, social, economic, and cultural factors to be analyzed and many others. But if we summarize many writers' opinions here in brief, the characteristics of them in comparison with developed societies seems following;
(1) internal situation of chronic economic poverty, political, social instability that is hard to remove,
(2) low standard of life, population increase, backward economic situation,
(3) political dependence on Powers (puppets or satelite),
(4) economic poverty in spite of the abundant cultural heritage,
(5) remaining in a state of typically agrarian society and just elementary step of industrialization,
(6) cultural gap between city and farm, per-modern elements prevailing in every part of society.
Second, national development is a sort of planning technique that is to achieve national development by way of utilization, development, and conservation of natural resources in view of economic, social, cultural and other aspects of development, and securing favorous conditions for the establishment of industries and the manipulation of environment.
As a legal basis, our government had enacted a law called 'National Comprehensive Construction Plan Law' that is similar with that of Japan.
In regard to national comprehensive development plan it must be pointed out that its object is similar, in spite of considerable differences in its content, between those of developed countries and underdeveloped countries. Therefore, the object could be classified as following;
(1) development of national resources,
(2) industial development,
(3) agricultural development
(4) city development and redevelopment,
(5) conservation of natural resources,
(6) economic development,
(7) social development.
In recent years, this national comprehensive development plan has been major concern for every country, including developed one, and now, with increasing technical assistance of industrialized states for the underdeveloped, it raises a kind of boom.
If we now turn to its content, the emphasis inevitably goes to physical planning, considering that it is a plan the main concern of which is to utilize, to develop and to conserve various natural or physical conditions. As its objective, however, could not be lied only in physical planning, the same stress should be put on economic and socio-cultural development in order to contribute to the improvement of public interest. It goes without saying that this requires continuous and integrated effort of government. But as central government cannot do all this, it is usually divided into as following;
(1) National Comprehensive Development Plan (Central Government)
(2) Urban and Provincial Comprehensive Development Plan (City Government, Province)
(3) Local Comprehensive Development Plan (City or Province, except for the plan concerned over two provinces, Central Government)
(4) Special Regional Comprehensive Development Plan (Central)
National comprehensive development plan is effective only when it is established on the scientific data and survey. They provide the administrative statistics and the basis for accurate understanding of reality. Upon this basic survey a master plan must be made. The formal planning process from the establishment of a master plan to its performance, therefore, can be explained in this steps; Planning-Plan-Program-Schedule-Project-Performance. National development plan should be a long-term plan, for economic growth and possibility of investment are estimated before its performance. Such estimations will surely formulate future vision for national development.
The national comprehensive development plan of underdeveloped countries, however, includes a lot of contradictions and shortcomings; lack of specific method, technique, and capital for the achievement of the plan in contrast to their enthusiasm; it is not based on scientific data and the plan remains an abstractly written paper or sentimentalism; a kind of trial and error,......
In short, the commonly found shortcomings of the plans among underdeveloped countries are the fact that they are not made after scientific survey, and consequently this results in the ignoration of reality and lack of scientific foundation. The Seoul Master Plan seems its typical case. We have never heard of the case in which a Capital master plan of a country was prepared in such a short period as 3 months. Moreover the Plan is said to be a 20 year plan.
In foreign cases, 2 or 3 years were spent for the preparation of it. There months could not give any complete research and scientific survey.
In conclusion, as far as national comprehensive development plan is concerned, the authorities of underdeveloped countries should take consideration into the above-mentioned points and excert their utmost effort to remove them.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 一. 低開發國의 觀念
• 二. 國土開發의 意義
• 三. 國土綜合開發計劃의 內容
• [Ⅰ] 資源開發
• [Ⅱ] 工業開發
• [Ⅲ] 農業開發
• [Ⅳ] 都市開發 및 再開發
• [Ⅴ] 國土保全
• [Ⅵ] 經濟開發
• [Ⅶ] 社會開發
• 四. 低開發國家의 國土開發計劃