“형(亨)”의 원의 = The Original Meaning of Heng (亨)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

According to the annotation of Duanyucai (段玉裁) from 『Shuowenjiezi (說文 解字)『, Heng is the Zhuanwen (篆文) of the Heng (향), and is utilized to express four different meanings in literature: ① Ritual, ② Sacrifice, ③ Tribute, and ④ Feast. In the 『Zhouyi(周易)『 Hexagram and Line Statements, Heng is used for meanings ① and ③. However, in general editions the meaning of ① is expressed with Heng (亨) or Xiang (享) whereas the meaning of ② and ③ uses Heng (亨). Therefore, the original meaning of Heng is vague. The meaning of Heng was expressed with a completely different letter from the Pre-Qin Dynasty to the beginning of the former Han Dynasty. The Shangbo Zhouyi (上博本: the Chu bamboo slips Zhouyi collected in the Shanghai Museum), a text from the age of the civil wars, uses Heng (향) in the meaning of ①, whereas in Yuan Heng Li Zhen (元亨利貞), Heng is expressed as Qing (卿). Mawangdui Zhouyi (馬王堆本: the Silk Manuscript Zhouyi excavated at Mawangdui), a text from the early period of the former Han Dynasty, uses Fang (芳) in the meanings of ①ㆍ③, whereas Heng (亨) or Xiang (享) are used to express ②. Fuyang Zhouyi (阜陽本: the Han bamboo slips Zhouyi excavated at Fuyang), a text published around the same time as the Mawangdui, uses Heng (亨) for ① or ② without classification. Although the use of these letters varied depending on the meaning up to the time of the early edition of Mawangdui, in the present era the meaning has been uniformized into the use of either ‘Heng’ or ‘Xiang’. The meanings of ① and ③ in the Zhouyi are very much limited and do not suggest any different implications. However, the meaning of ② creates much controversy; although it has been interpreted as ‘being successful’, this meaning cannot be applied, considering that the letter ‘Qing’ had been used in earlier editions. Qing, according to the 『Rishu (日書)『 (Day Book) excavated in the ancient Chu region, is the Jiajie Zi (假借字) of Xiang (饗) and signifies ‘sacrifice acceptance by spirits’. Therefore, the original meaning of Heng in the Zhouyi was significant in deciding whether the spirit would accept the sacrifice. The phenomenon of the spirit accepting the sacrifice implied that the living would receive praise and good fortune, which can also be interpreted as a ‘spiritual communion with spirits’. Therefore, the meaning of ‘understanding’ from the letter Heng is presumed to come from the meaning of ‘the spirit accepts sacrifice provided by the living with the utmost sincerity’. The religious meaning has been replaced with philosophical and general meanings in the present period, leading to the possibility of diverse interpretations.

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