제1,2차 국공합작기(國共合作期)의 한,중 연대활동 -黃포軍官學校(황포군관학교) 인맥을 중심으로- = Sino-Korean Cooperation during the 1st and 2nd Alliances between the Chinese Nationalist and Communist Parties -A Focus on the Huangpu Military Academy Connections-

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Huangpu Military Academy was founded in Guangzhou in 1924 as a symbol of the 1st alliance between the Nationalist Party(Kuomintang) and the Communist Party of China. The school not only produced military leaders and numerous revolutionaries for both parties, but also educated young men from colonized and semi-colonized countries. This paper investigates the ideological influences and network of connections that the Huangpu Military Academy provided for Korean trainees and their effects on the Sino-Korean cooperation in anti-Japanese activism. Unlike previous military schools, the Huangpu Academy offered an extensive political education. With Zhou Enlai(周恩來) being the director of the politics department, the communist influence was particularly strong. Many young Koreans enrolling in the academy during the period of the Chinese Civil Revolution learned the Three Principles of the People(三民主義) and communism and participated in various political activities. Yang Rim(楊林) and other Koreans in the academy, under the influence of Zhou Enlai, played important roles in the northward expansion of the Civil Revolution as well as in communist activism. In 1927, in particular, when the 1st alliance was ruptured, some Koreans in the Huangpu Academy joined the Chinese Communist Party, separating their ways from the Nationalist line. However, most Korean students held a progressive view of revolution supporting the pan-Korean nationalist line based on the spirit of the alliance, and their political thoughts remained within the scope of the Civil Revolution rather than extended to encompass proletarian revolution. The head of the Uiyeoldan(lit. a band of righteous fighters), Kim Won-bong(金元鳳), for instance, was a prime example of Huangpu-educated Koreans. Leading the members of his Uiyeoldan, Kim joined the fourth batch of the academy and received the education on liberation from imperialism and on social revolution. After graduation, he participated in the Chinese Civil Revolution and developed the anti- Japanese movement into the pan-Korean nationalist movement. Some Huangpu-educated Koreans, along with Kim Won-bong, pursued the pan-Korean nationalist line, in liaison with the Chinese Nationalist Party, while others joined the Chinese Communist Party and their military resistance. Whatever their choice of the political line was, the military skills, political ideas, and personal connections acquired at the Huangpu became an important arsenal to young Korean fighters. As the July 7th Incident in 1937 exploded into the Sino-Japanese War, the 2nd alliance between the Nationalist and Communist Parties was launched. During the 2nd alliance, Koreans and Chinese formed a united front against the Imperial Japan, and Korean independent activists of left and right joined their forces. Kim Won-bong and his Uiyeoldan fighters, with support of Chiang Kai-shek(蔣介石), could inaugurate the Joseon Uiyongdae(trans. a corps of Korean volunteer fighters) in 1938. Meanwhile, the association between young Koreans and the Chinese Communist Party, mediated by Zhou Enlai, continued in the 1930s during the Korean communist movement in Manchuria and during the anti-Japanese campaigns in Yanan(延安). However, as the 2nd alliance fell apart again, Korean revolutionaries allying either with the Chinese Nationalists or with the Chinese Communists found it difficult to keep the pan-Korean line in China; eventually, they also split into Nationalist and Communist camps. Repeatedly experiencing the alliance and split between the Chinese Nationalist and Communist Parties while collaborating with Chinese, Huangpu-trained Koreans came to form different networks of people during their anti-Japanese campaigns in China. The different connections of people continued after its liberation and their return to the homeland in 1945.