이집트의 해외무역과 미노아 문명 = The Egyptian Overseas Trade and Minoan Crete

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Martin Bernal`s ``Black Athena(1987)`` has reminded again the Egyptian role and influence in the formation of the Minoan culture in the 1st half of the second millennium B.C.E. Since various cultural aspects are transmitted and exchanged generally through international trade relationships in the ancient times, for understanding the Minoan connection, it is essential to recognize the scale and the geographical boundary of the Egyptian overseas` trade network. Ancient Egypt had obtained specific natural resources which cannot be exploited in their own country such as turquoise from the Sinai peninsula, myrrh and frankincense from Punt which has been identified with Somalia, and cedar wood from Byblos of Phoenicia. Except for turquoise from the Sinai peninsula, most of the imported natural resources had been acquired through international trades based on a barter system. The appearance of Minoans in the Theban tomb wall paintings requires visits to Egypt by Minoan envoys during the 15th century B.C.E. Especially the discovery of fragments of Minoan-style wall paintings at the palaces of Avaris(Tell el-Daba) in the Delta region strongly suggests that the Minoans actually lived there during the 16th century B.C.E. The so-called ``bull-leaping`` motifs which unfamiliar in Egyptian settings have been regarded as one of the most diagnostic criteria of Minoan visual art. The main factors for determining the degree of Egypt-Crete maritime connections is the prevailing north-westly summer winds and sea circulation patterns in the eastern Mediterranean. In consequence, the common sea routes are of anti-clockwise direction from Egypt via the Levant coast, Cyprus and southern Anatolia to the Aegean region. It means that the Egyptian remains discovered in Crete may have been the result of the indirect commercial relationships conducted through intermediaries of the Levantine states and Cyprus. By which route did the Minoans reach Egypt? They first sailed across the sea to reach the Lybian coast with the north-westly wind, and then continue to the Egyptian Delta. In this regard, the hypothesis of ``Black Athena``, that the Egyptians colonized Greece beginning in the first half of the second millennium B.C.E. needs to be reevaluated in terms of a broader and complex maritime network shared by all of the coastal states in the eastern Mediterranean regions.

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