러시아 연해주 두만강 하구의 한인마을 크라스노예 셀로(鹿屯島)의 형성과 변화 = The Formation and Changes of the Korean Village, Krasnoe Selo at the Mouth of the Tuman River in the Russian Maritime Province(Primorye)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The ‘Krasnoe Selo(Красное Село)’ represented administratively more than eleven Koreans villages. Russian authorities named it in the late 19th century and it means ‘beautiful village’ or ‘red village’ in Russian. Korean name, ‘Noktundo(鹿屯島)’ is presumably related to an older Jurchen name for the island, ‘Sachami(沙次亇)’ or ‘Sachimma(沙沈麻).’ The ‘nok(鹿)’ whose meaning is ‘a deer’ remains both in the Korean and Jurchen names for the island.
This region was originally an delta island(河中島) at the mouth of the Tuman River(豆滿江), but it came to lose its feature as an island when the left side stream of the Tuman River gradually disappeared. When the Beijing Treaty(北京條約) was concluded between Russia and China in 1860, the region became the territory of Russia. Accordingly, Koreans who migrated to Russia knew that the region was no longer an island and came to call the village, ‘Noktun(鹿屯)’ or ‘Nokpyeong(鹿坪)’ dropping the ‘do(island)’ from the original name of Noktundo(Noktun Island).
Korean farmers from the Six Garrisons(六鎭), a border region of North Korea, colonized the region and built more than eleven villages which existed until Stalin’s forced deportation of Koreans to Central Asia.
The purpose of this work is to trace the history of the Korean villages which administratively belonged to Krasnoe selo with the focus on their names and geographical location. While Korean scholars generally stress the implication of potential territorial issues between Russia and Korea, this paper is a part of a larger regional study or history of Korean migration to Russia.
Although individual Korean villages belonging to the Krasnoe Selo were not founded at the same time, more than one village were at the latest formed in 1875 and their formation was officially recognized by the Russian authorities in 1880. By the early 1890s, the number of villages had increased to eleven.
Some Korean scholars contend that Koreans moved to ‘Noktundo’ before 1860 and had lived there thereafter pointing to the geographical proximity of ‘Noktundo’ from the border area of North Korea. However, there is no evidence supporting that hypothesis. They failed to give consideration to the relatively unfavorable natural environment of the region such as strong wind from the sea, frequent floods, and sand in a large portion of arable land. In addition, the Korean government kept a harsh policy of executing people who illegally crossed the Tuman River(越江罪). More importantly, it was indispensable to protect settled farmers from the seasonal plundering of Manchu bandits(Honghuz, 紅鬍賊). The encouraging and supporting policy of the Russian authorities eventually made it possible for Korean farmers to settle in the region in late 1870s.
By relying on old documents and maps, it is possible to identify the names and geographical locations of Koreans villages which belonged to the Krasnoe Selo. By identifying the names and geographical names of the Korean villages, it is possible to restore history and culture of Korean residents who by 1937 had built and developed these now abandoned villages. The names of the villages contain incalculable information about history, culture and languages of resident. In this sense, this work can be a academic foundation for regional studies and history of Koreans in the Russian Maritime Province(Primorye).
All the names of the Korean villages in the Krasnoe Selo are originally Korean. It is a result of the fact that all residents of the villages were Koreans except for the Russian soldiers guarding the borderline. Only the administrative name for the region, Krasnoe Selo, was Russian. These villages are also unique in that Korean villages in other regions often had names of varied origins such as Tungus-Manchuria, China, Russia and Korea. The majority of villages were named after rivers or lakes which were located nearby. S...

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