地政學의 기원과 발전과정 = The Origins and Evolution of Geopolitics

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Geopolitics is the study of political phenomena in their spatial relationship and in their relationship with dependence upon, and influence on, earth as well as on all those cultural factors which constitutes the subject matter of human geography broadly defined. Therefore geopolitics cannot be limited to the study of the political aspects or consequences of the man-earth relationship. Geopolitics must be spatial and environmental. A German scholar, Karl Haushofer defined geopolitics as the science of the earth relationships of political processes. Geopolitics is based on the broad foundations of geography, essentially on political geography which is the science of the political organism in space and their structure.
The purpose to study geopolitics is to furnish the tools for political action and directives for political life as a whole. In this sense geopolitics becomes an art, that is the art of guiding practical politics. An American scholar, Spykman said that geo-political study offers an analysis of the positions of a country in terms of geographical realities and all forms of national power.
Untill 18 century man was at the mercy of nature and was nature directed. The fact that environment influences human life, in one way or another, has been admitted since ancient times. It means geography conditions man. Aristotle considered the natural environment impacts on human character and its implications for the economic and military necessities of the ideal state.
However, modern man has not, so far, engaged the grip of his environment. Man molds nature and hopes to change or even to conquer it. So the direct impact of the laws of nature is replaced by that social laws and forces, hence the tendency to view the historical and social environment as the determining factor. In other words man becomes less natural and more human and social.
But modern man still remains nature limited. The geographical environment molds men's character and certain ways of earning a livelihood make people prefer one kind of political regime. Most of the contemporary geopolitical schools have abandoned the idea that the geopolitical environment can determine to any significant extent the nature of man. But some geopoliticians try to read from the map certain compelling dictates of foreign policy, but they are never concerned solely with geopolitics per se. They combine geopolitics with certain ideas or theories, namely the idea of a master race, of the necessity for autarky and expansion of the necessity to combat or spread a religious or political gospel.
Several theories of geopolitics are introduced : The organic theory of the state(F. Ratzel), the emperical concept of the state area as a living body(R. Kjellen), the theory of living space(K. Haushofer), the heartland theory(H. Mackinder), the sea-power theory(A.T. Mahan), and the rimland theory(N.Spykman).
Especially among them, Kjellen had earlier coined the name, geopolitics. According to Kuellen geopolitics is the study of the state as an geographical organism or phenomenon in space, that is as land, territory, area, or as country, In that sense geopolitics is the study of the country from the point of view of its location, form, and area. So geopolitics should investigate the relationships between politics and the geographical environment in the same way as the relations between history and geography has long been studied.
The results of the study of geopolitics will be a body of knowledge useful to the political leaders for foreign policy and international politics.
Statesman will find in geopolitics the blueprints for peace as well as for war.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 : 地政學的 思考
• Ⅱ. 지정학의 선구자들
• 1. 아리스토테레스
• 2. 쟝 보뎅
• 3. 몽테스키외
• Ⅲ. 地政學 理論
• 1. 지정학의 의미 : 개념 및 정의
• 2. 지정학과 정치지리
• 3. 지정학에 관한 제이론
• 1) 국가 유기체설
• 2) 해양세력이론
• 3) 심장지역이론
• 4) 주변지역이론
• 5) 空軍力과 宇宙空間
• Ⅳ. 결론