後漢魏晉 鎭墓文의 종교적 특징과 道敎 = 五石을 중심으로

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper examines the religious beliefs found in the tomb-securing writs (zhenwu wen 鎭墓文) from the Eastern Han and Wei-Jin periods and Daoism, and argues that not only the bureaucratic language and the underlying beliefs in the netherworld administration, which have been well studied in the previous scholarship on this subject, the use of ritual instruments reveals the continuity between the tomb-securing writs and later Daoism. In particular, this paper points out that many Eastern Han tombs were found to contain multiple of jars on which the tomb-securing writ is written, and proposes to examine more carefully the way in which those jars were placed.
In many cases these jars contain ‘five stones’ (wushi 五石) (cinnabar, malachite, arsenolite, realgar, magnetite). The ‘five stones’ were believed to have strong exorcistic power, and were used to protect the body of the deceased against demons and at the same time to eliminate any malevolent influence on the living.
Interestingly, the jars containing the ‘five stones’ were placed in five directions (four cardinal directions and the centre) in accordance with the five phases theory. The ‘five stones’ seem to have been expected to effectively achieve the goal of the tomb-securing writ. In some cases, lead-man were mentioned in the writ and actually found inside the jar. They are another supplementary instrument to help the deceased who could suffer from corvee labour and punishment in the netherworld by offering a replacement. Unlike multifold goals specified in the tomb-securing writs from the Eastern Han period, the examples from the Wei-Jin period tend to focus on the welfare of the remaining family of the deceased: the calamities caused by the deceased are being sent away to remote places or even passers-by.
The religious concerns seen in the Eastern Han tomb-securing writs and the use of ‘five stones’ were inherited by Daoist use of a different form of burial document and a set of ‘five stones’. The Scripture of Revivification of Corpse through Fivefold Refinement (五練生尸經), a fourth century text belonging to the ancient Lingbao 靈寶 group explains how to prepare and employ the Daoist ‘five stones’. Like their Han predecessor, Daoist ‘five stones’ and burial documents aim to protect the body of the deceased and facilitate the transfer of his or her soul to the netherworld. However, Daoism further offers to save the dead from the netherworld. The surviving examples from the Tang indicate the popularity of this practice among the ruling elites.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 머리말
• Ⅰ. 五石에 의한 鎭墓
• Ⅱ. 鉛人과 殃의 처리
• Ⅲ. 道敎의 새로운 五石
• 맺음말
• 참고문헌

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 "靈寶鍊度五仙安靈鎭神黃繒章法"
• 2 河南省博物館, "靈寶張灣漢墓" 11 : 1975
• 3 菊地章太, "女靑鬼律による死靈の救濟" (109) : 2007
• 4 "女靑鬼律"
• 5 焦竤, "老子翼"
• 6 洛陽市文物工作隊, "洛陽李屯鄕東漢元嘉二年墓發掘簡報" 2 : 1997
• 7 洛陽地區考古發掘隊, "洛陽燒溝漢墓" 科學出版社 1959
• 8 洛陽市文物工作隊, "洛陽唐寺門兩座漢墓發掘簡報" 3 : 1984
• 9 中國科學院考古硏究所, "洛陽中州路" 科學出版社 1959
• 10 賈麥明, "韓城市漢墓出土閭氏朱書陶甁考釋" 3 : 1993
• 11 貟志安, "長安縣南李王村漢墓發掘簡報" 4 : 1990
• 12 陝西省文物管理委員會, "長安縣三里村東漢墓葬發掘簡報" 7 : 1958
• 13 吳榮曾, "鎭墓文中所見到的東漢道巫關系" 3 : 1981
• 14 "資治通鑑" 中華書局
• 15 劉昭瑞, "談考古發現的道敎“解注文”" 4 : 1991
• 16 朱法滿, "要修科儀戒律鈔"
• 17 西安市文物保護考古所, "西安財政幹部培訓中心漢後趙墓發掘簡報" 6 : 1997
• 18 "舊唐書" 中華書局
• 19 晁公武, "群齋讀書志, In 群齋讀書志校証" 上海古籍出版社 1990
• 20 周曉陸, "秦代封泥的重大發現 - 夢齋藏秦封泥的初步硏究" 1 : 1997
• 21 馬繼興, "神農本草經, In 神農本草經輯注" 人民衛生出版社 1995
• 22 羅振玉, "石交錄, In 羅雪堂先生全集 續編 冊三" 文華出版公司 1969
• 23 陝西省文物管理委員會, "潼關吊橋漢代楊氏墓群發掘簡記" 1 : 1961
• 24 劉衛鵬, "漢永平三年朱書陶甁考釋, In 文物考古論集 - 咸陽文物考古硏究所成立十周年紀念" 三秦出版社 2000
• 25 陳直, "漢張叔敬朱書陶甁與張角黃巾敎的關係, In 文史考古論叢" 天津古籍出版社 1988
• 26 陳直, "漢初平四年王氏朱書陶甁考釋" 4 : 1981
• 27 唐金裕, "漢初平四年王氏朱書陶甁" 1 : 1980
• 28 劉衛鵬, "漢代鎭墓甁所見‘神藥’考" 3 : 2009
• 29 小南一郞, "漢代の祖靈觀念" 66 : 1994
• 30 丸山宏, "正一道敎の上章儀禮について─塚訟章を中心にして" 68 : 1986
• 31 蔡運章, "東漢永壽二年鎭墓甁文考略" 7 : 1989
• 32 澤慶, "東漢延熹九年魂甁" 1993
• 33 張勛燎, "東漢墓葬出土解注器和天師道的起源, In 中國道敎考古 第一冊" 線裝書局 2006
• 34 中村不折, "書法源流考" 西東書房 1927
• 35 "文苑英華" 中華書局 1995
• 36 劉屹, "敬天與崇道 - 中古經敎道敎形成的思想史背景" 中華書局 2005
• 37 王卡, "敦煌道敎文獻硏究" 中國社會科學出版社 2004
• 38 甘肅省文物考古硏究所, "敦煌祁家灣西晉十六國墓葬發掘報告" 文物出版社 1994
• 39 王明, "抱朴子, In 抱朴子內篇校釋" 中華書局 1986
• 40 東賢司, "後漢時代の鎭墓圖書に關する一考察" 8 : 1994
• 41 王光永, "寶鷄市漢墓發現光和與永元年間朱書陶器" 3 : 1981
• 42 徐乃昌, "安徽通志金石古物考稿, In 石刻史料新編 第三集, 第十一冊" 新文豊出版社 1986
• 43 "太淸石壁記"
• 44 "太平御覽" 中華書局 1960
• 45 "太上靈寶諸天內音自然玉字"
• 46 "太上洞玄靈寶五練生尸妙經"
• 47 傅飛嵐(Fransicus Verellen), "天師道上章科儀－<<赤松子章曆>>和<<元辰章醮立成曆>>硏究, In 道敎硏究與中國宗敎文化" 中華書局 2003
• 48 原田正己, "墓券文に見られる冥界の神とその祭祀" 29 : 1967
• 49 "周禮, In 周禮注疏 卷 31" 北京大學出版社 2000
• 50 羅振玉, "古器物識小錄, In 羅雪堂先生全集 初編 冊七" 文華出版公司 1968
• 51 北京圖書館金石組, "北京圖書館藏中國歷代石刻拓本匯編 第36冊" 中州古籍出版社 1989
• 52 徐堅, "初學記" 中華書局 1962
• 53 池田溫, "中國歷代墓券略考" 86 : 1981
• 54 張勛燎, "中原和西北地區魏晉北朝墓葬的解注文硏究, In 中國道敎考古, 第二冊" 線裝書局 2006
• 55 조성우, "中世 中國 生死觀의 一面과 道敎 ― 殃禍의 觀念을 중심으로 ―" 중국고중세사학회 (25) : 185-222, 2011
• 56 郝本性, "三門峽南交口東漢墓鎭墓甁朱書文考略" 3 : 2009
• 57 中村不折, "三代秦漢の遺品に識せる文字" 岩波書店 1934
• 58 郭寶鈞, "一九五四年春洛陽西郊發掘報告" 2 : 1956
• 59 Peter Nickerson, "‘Opening the Way’: Exorcism, Travel, and Soteriology in Early Daoist Mortuary Practice and Its Antecedents, In Daoist Identity: History, Lineage, and Ritual" University of Hawaii Press 2002
• 60 Anna Seidel, "Traces of Han Religion in Funeral Texts Found in Tombs, In 道敎" 平河出版社 1987
• 61 Franciscus Verellen, "The Heavenly Master Liturgical Agenda: According to Chisong zi's Petition Almanac" 14 : 2004
• 62 Lai Chi-tim, "The Demon Statutes of Nüqing and the Problem of the Bureaucratization of the Netherworld in Early Heavenly Master Daoism" 98 : 2002
• 63 Peter Nickerson, "Shamans, Demons, Diviners and Taoists: Conflict and Assimilation in Medieval Chinese Ritual Practice" 5 (5): 1994
• 64 Ōfuchi Ninji, "On Ku Ling-pao-ching" 27 : 1974
• 65 Terry Kleeman, "Land Contract and Related Documents, In 牧尾良海博士頌壽記念論集 - 中國の宗敎ㆍ思想と科學" 國書刊行會 1984
• 66 Urusula-Angelika Cedzich, "Ghosts and Demons, Law and Order: Grave Quelling Texts and Early Taoist Liturgy" 4 (4): 1993
• 67 Weng Dujian, "Daozang zimu yinde 道藏子目引得: Combined Indexes to the Authors and Titles of Books in Two Collections of Taoist Literature" Yenching University 1935
• 68 Christoper Schipper, "Concordance du Tao-tsang" EFEO 1975