새마을工場이 農村地域社會에 미치는 經濟的 效果에 관한 硏究 = A Study of Economic Impact of Saemaul Plants on the Rural Communities
저자
申大淳 (建國大學校 大學院 行政學 博士)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1980
작성언어
Korean
KDC
350.000
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
13-46(34쪽)
제공처
1.Introduction
Develoment theorists, in the past decade, drew on western experience as a model for generating growth in developing nations. They stow primate cities as centres of modernization which act as catalysts for economic growth, the centres from which the benefits of modernization flow outwards to revitalize the stagnating agricultural sector, and the benefits would be equitably distributed to smaller cities and eventually, to the rural area.
However the history of the post-war period yields little evidence that the trickle down process worked. Instead, the gap between rich and poor regions grew- the income distribution within developing nations became more inequitable; and their more dualistic spatial structures are characterized by the continued dispersion of underproductive villages and the rapid growth of over extended primate cities.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, development theorists and international assistance agencies began to seek a new direction of development policy. The new development policy would shift investments away from primate cities to smaller urban places and rural hinterlands, without undermining the existing metroplitan centers.
Since the early 1960s, the Republic of Korea has implmented the Economic Development Plans for industrialization. As a result, annual economic growth late between 1962 and 1971 has been 10 percent on the average. But Korea has faced a variety of serious problems: widening gaps of incomes between the rich and the poor, the rapidly population, and increasing import demand beyond export earning. These problems influenced policy changes in the 1970s, searching for new wags to accelerate development.
The goal of development plans shifted from rapid industrialization to economic growth with social equity. The new goals were to increase rural incomes, to provide employment opportunities for the poor: to increase agricultural productivity, and to improve living standards by extending services and facilities to the places where the poor live.
In 1971, the Saemaul pilot projects were undertaken in an attempt to encourage the enthusiasm and confidence of the people through the imporvement of living conditions. In 1972, the successful work and experience gained from the pilot projects laid the basis for the positive and actives Saemaul Undone (New Community Movement) on the national level.
Saemaul Undone aims at the economic and social development of the rural Communities through the voluntary participation and cooperative efforts of the people. In other words, the Saemaul Undong is a nation-wide movement which is based on the fundamental spirits of diligence, self-help and cooperation. The major objectives of the movement are the enhancement of the sound consiousness of man, the improvement of social environments, and the increase of rural income. From 1973, the government has supported the construction of Saemaul plants in rural Communities as a part of Saemaul Undong.
The Saemaul plants hove been the major off-farm income sources. The plants utilize the material that are available on the spots and the unemployed labor during the leisure season.
The products of the Saemaul plants include food, textiles, apparel products, leather products, furniture, paper products, chemical products, glass and clay products, electric and electronic products, machinery and the like. During the period, 1973 to october 1978, the total number of Saemaul plants that were constructed is 553.
The main objective of this study is to analyze the economic impact of Saemaul plants on the rural communities. Therefore, the major issues of this study are as follows.
(1) Relations between the traditional development model and Saemaul plans.
(2) Construction of mathematical model to measure economic effects of Saemaul plants.
(3) Application and analysis of this model through the practical sampling study.
(4) The reocmmendations of rational guidelines to increase economic income by Saemaul plants.
2.The Approach of Study
The economic impact is measured in terms of direct, indirect an? induced income generated by the total spending of Saemaul plants and also the spending pattern of the villagers in each rural area was investigated to measure the induced impacts from the plants.
In order to analyze the Impact of Saemaul plants, eleven Saemaul plants and eleven villages in the rural area were sampled and questionnaires for the plant owners, plant workers and villagers were made and interviews were conducted.
The economic impacts of the Saemaul plants are classified into three categories:
(1) Direct Impact: The direct impact of the plant can be measured in terms of income generated by the factory spending on wages and salaries, that is, Direct Impact,
(YD) = d1X ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥(1)
where,
d1 is the percentage of Saemaul plant total spending on the wage category, and X is total spending of the plant.
(2) Indirect Impact: The indirect impact of the plant can be measured by the income generated by the plant spending on raw material, overheads, utilities, and other costs, i. e.,
Indirect Impact (Y1) = d2X ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥(2)
where,
d2 = l2V
l2 is rate of material spending in the community, and
V is the value added radio of the raw materials,
(3) Induced impacts: The induced impacts mean the income generated by the spending of the village people who earned the direct and indirect incomes from the production processes of the plants.
The direct and indirect impacts will fall in the areas as incomes of the villagers, and the villagers spend their incomes for food, clothes, etc.,
Thus, the total Income including induced income from the plant on the rural area (Y) will be,
U = Ia + d3Ia + d32Ia + ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ d3n-1Ia
??‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥(3)
where,
Ia is Direct and Indirect Impact of the plant(YD+YI), and
d3 = cf
and where,
c is value added ratio in agriculture, and
f is proportion of food spending the total spending of each farm household
Thus,
Induced income from the plant = Y-Ia
(4) Multiplier: The plant multiplier can be obtained from equalion (3),
that is,
plant multiplier = ??
3.Conclusion and Recomendation
The Promotion of Saemaul Plants can be made by,
(1) providing incentives such as tax exemption, long-term loans with low interest rate,
(2) encouraging Saemaul plants for which their raw materials are available in rural community,
(3) providing the concerned informations and data for those who are interested in investing in the rural areas, so that they can forecast the economic trends and estimate costs and benefits,
(4) providing infrastructures for industry in the rural area, such as electricity, water, road and etc.,
(5) developing internal and external markets for products,
(6) introducting the new techniques which will help to increase the productivity of the plants,
(7) intensifying the administrative co-ordination systems to drive efficiently plans,
(8) establishing the adequate wage system, and
(9) providing the motivation for which the villagers can participate in Saemaul plants.
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