몽골 울란바토르 복드칸 궁전 및 초이진 라마사원 벽돌과 기와의 재료학적 특성 및 고고과학적 의미 = Archaeometric Implication and Material Characteristics for Bricks and Roof Tiles from the Bogd Khaan Palace and Choijin Lama Temple in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

국문 초록 (Abstract)

근대 몽골건축을 대표하는 복드칸 궁과 초이진 사원의 초축 및 보수 벽돌과 기와를 대상으로 재질 및 고고과학적 특성을 분석하였다. 이 벽돌과 기와는 밝은 회색을 띄며, 초축에 비해 보수한 것에서 대부분 가비중과 공극률이 높았다. 태토에서는 공통적으로 아각형의 조립질 석영, 알칼리장석, 사장석 및 운모가 산출되며, 부분적으로 각섬석이 검출되었다. 초축 벽돌과 기와에 비해 보수한 것에서 기질이 균질하고 비짐이 현저히 적은 것으로 보아 정선된 기술이 적용된 것으로 보인다. 이 벽돌과 기와의 중량감소는 초축한 것보다 보수한 것에서 낮았고, 열변질은 있으나 재결정은 나타나지 않았다. 또한 초축 벽돌과 기와에서 Al2O3가 높았고 보수한 것에서는 CaO가 높고 Na2O와 작열감량은 낮았다. 그러나 다른 원소들은 거의 동일한 거동특성을 보여, 이들은 장소와 시기에 차이 없이 성인적으로 동질성 높은 태토를 사용한 것으로 해석된다.
따라서 초축 벽돌과 기와의 원료가 보수에 활용한 것에 비해 점토화도는 높았으나, 이들은 거의 같은 토양을 태토로 조달했을 가능성이 높으며, 소성환경이 태토의 지구화학적 거동에 영향을 주지 않은 것으로 보인다. 그러나 보수 벽돌과 기와에서 Al2O3와 CaO가 높다는 것은 태토의 부분적인 정선과 혼입이 있었을 가능성을 지시한다. 모든 벽돌과 기와에서는 고온성 광물은 없었으며, 운모와 각섬석의 검출과 점토광물의 부재 및 기질의 열변질 상태로 보아 이들의 소성온도는 850~900℃로 해석된다. 이는 보수에 사용한 벽돌과 기와에서도 거의 일치하였다. 이 결과는 몽골의 근대건축에 활용한 벽돌과 기와의 재료학적 자료로 중요한 의미가 있으며, 향후 보수용 벽돌과 기와의 제작기법을 검토하는데 유용한 근거가 될 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Material and archaeometric characteristics of the original and repaired bricks and roof tiles of the Bogd Khaan Palace and the Choijin Lama Temple, which represent modern Mongolian architecture, were analyzed. These bricks and roof tiles are light gray, and the repaired ones mostly had higher specific gravity and porosity than the original ones. In the body clay, coarse grained sub-angular quartz, alkali feldspar, plagioclase and mica are commonly observed, and hornblende was partially detected. Compared to the original bricks and roof tiles, the repaired ones have a homogeneous substrate and significantly less tempers, suggesting that refined techniques were applied. Weight loss of these bricks and roof tiles was lower in the repaired ones than the original ones, and although there were thermal deformation and non recrystallized. Also, Al2O3 was high in the original bricks and roof tiles, and CaO was high in the repaired ones, and Na2O and ignition loss were low. However, since the other elements showed almost the same behavioral characteristics, it is interpreted that they used homogeneous body clay regardless of location and time.
Therefore, the clay content of the raw materials for the original bricks and roof tiles were higher than that used for the repair, but it is highly likely that they were procured from almost the same soil as the body clay, and the firing environment does not seem to have affected the geochemical behavior of the body clay. But, the high Al2O3 and CaO in the repaired bricks and roof tiles indicates the possibility of partial refinement and mixing of the clay. There were no high-temperature minerals in all the bricks and roof tiles, and based on the detection of mica and hornblende, the absence of clay minerals and the thermal deformations of the substrate, their firing temperature is presumed to be 850 to 900℃. This was almost the same in the bricks and roof tiles used for the repairs. This result is significant as material science data for the bricks and roof tiles used in modern Mongolian architecture, and will be useful grounds for examining the making techniques of bricks and roof tiles for future restorations.

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