작곡에 있어서의 포스트 모더니즘(Post Modernism)에 관한 연구

국문 초록 (Abstract)

1970년대 이후의 작품세계에 있어 어떻게 포스트-모더니즘(post-modernism)이 반영되었는지에 관해 여러 쟝르로 구분되는 음악적issue등을 나누어 분류해 보고 각 대표되는 작곡가의 작품 속에서 포스트-모던 음악의 각 분류중의 대표되는 작품들을 일러스트레이트(illustrate)해 보기로 한다.
1960년대 이후의 음악은 몇 해동안 고립되고 추상적이었으며,빠른 사회의 변천에 의한 영향을 피할수 없었다.그것은 음악이란 구조적(structure)일 뿐만이 아니라,기능적으로 무엇을 말하는 것인가에 대한 문제를 불러일으키게 되었다.
실제적으로 포스트-모더니즘의 이슈는 이러한 점으로부터 시작된 것이라고 말해진다.
포스트 모더니즘은 넓은 영역으로 확장되었는데,그것은 뉴 로맨티시즘(New-Romanticism),뉴 심플러서티(New-Simplicity),뉴 내셔널리즘(New-Nationalism),최소주의(minimalism),아트락(art rock)이른바 신세대(New-age)의 음악 미디어,연극예술과 새로운 극장음악으로까지 영향을 미치고 각 장르별로 독특한 특질을 가지고 나뉘어질수 있겠다.
1945~1960년대 사이의 모더니즘(Modernism)은 20C초반의 바레즈(Edgar Vare´se),스트라빈스키(IgorStravinsky),이이브스(C,Ives)의 병합으로 현대음악의 새로운 장을 열어 불레즈(Pierre Boulez),스톡하우겐(K.Stock Hausen),코웰(Henry Cowell),케이지(John Case),메시앙(Oliver Messiaen)에 이르기까지의 음악기법및 아방가르드 음악(Abangarde)의 특징들과,알레아토릭이라는 우연성 음악 등의 기법들이 쏟아져 나왔다.
이어 20C중.후반기로 접어들면서 전자공학이라던가,색체의 확장,동양주의의 도입(Multi-Culturalism),즉흥연주의 활성화,Cage개념등이
가져온 여러가지 발전등이 범람해 있는것이다.
1970년대까지 수십년동안 음악은 지금까지 본적이 없는 훌륭한'진보'를 경험했다.변화가 매우 급속해질 뿐 아니라,작곡이라는 예술행위가 시대를 따르지 않고 일어났던 인류의 여러가지 예술활동 중에서 가장 지적인 것이 되었으나 그러한 두뇌주의(지성주의)와 복잡함이 등장하면서 당연한 반동으로 일어나,좀 더 전통적인 음악요소에의 역행이 일어나게 된 것이다.
이러한 현대음악의 배경하에 새롭게 등장한 음악적 사조는 포스트-모더니즘 그것이었다.
본 논문에서는 post-modernism을 분류하여 각 분류마다 대표되는 작곡가들의 작품을 분석하고 고찰해 보고자 한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

I'd like to discuss post-modernism, in order to show how useful is the term post-modernism in attempting Both to identify and to solve the dilemmas of presant-day composers and how is this reflected in the Compositional world Since 1970.
In order to discuss the importance of the music of post-modernism, I will illustrate my text by concentrating on Several works of minimalist artists, each one of Several branches of post-modernism music.
The Music Since 1960's was isolated and abstract for Several years and could not avoid the influences of Social change.
It brought up a problem what is the music not only Structually but also functionally.
Actually, the post-modernism is thought to date from this point.
Now, post-modernism is widespread in a larger sense, it may be said to include New Simplicity, New Romanticism, New-Nationalism minimalism, art rock so-called New-age Music, media, multi-media, performance art and new Music theater.
However, in the early years of post modernism minimalism was the dominated Structure. Minimalism which was started in 1970's take aim at process of audibility not only Simplicity idea of process.
In many respects, the minimalist approach can be regarded as an overwhelmingly negative reaction to some of the most cherished ideas of the main stream, and to those of post war avant-garde in particular.
Since mid-1960's the Musical World has shown great interest in an altemative approach to process.
This process involved extended repetition of deliverately limited material which is a series of minite changes happen.
Minimalism is characterised by a process of repetition and gradual change.
Minimalist technique, can be said sometimes to be Canon Style, Iso-Rhythmic Overlapping pattern.
As practiced by Philip Gliss, additive technique or reduce in repetitive melodic pattern by increments of Smallest rhythmic Value.
For example in Glass's Music in similar motion(1969) the material is repeated many times at a very rapid tempo.
Incremental changes effect not only the melodic contour but the rhythms and duration as well.
With regards to the structure, it could be said to be cumulative structure which is lacking quality of development or climax.
Non Western influence had led Reich and Glass to foster an Unusual approach to performance difficulty at least by Euro-American Standards.
Reich's Violin Phase(1967). Uses a live performer with taped patterns in a Similar way.
Reich produced large, the principle of minimalism such as slow transformation, phase, and circultation is extremely finely manipulated in Reich's work.
If some piece is composed of just only repetitive progress without any minimalist techniques, such as additive technique, rotation figure, iso rhythmic overlap, the presence of tonal centre, that piece could be said to be inadequate minimal work.
The influence of minimalism on European composer such as Steve Martland, and Louis Andriessen can be tranced. Minimalism has other roots not only in non-Avant Garde Music, but also in rock, in audio technology, popular Culture such as music for Film, TV, Commercial which facilitates mechanical repetition.
New Simplicity which is one of the Several branches of post-modern Music is influenced by minimal music and associated most often with younger European Composer.
Howard Skempton(b. 1947∼) is a New-Simplicity Composer as a significant point of reference for a number of Younger Composers.
One of the aims in his composing music is to enhance the midium. It is important to achieve 'a good sound'.
New Romanticism which was introduced in the 1970's in the Euro-American to describe a return on the part of many Composers to large, Smooth gestures, big forms, Standard genres and diatonic harmony.
New Romanticism is perhaps more emphasis on the ear of the listener and its evaluation may well be influenced by background circumstances, subjectivity almost demands as much.
James Macmillan(b. 1959∼) is a Scottish Composer. He can be represented as for the composer of New Romanticism in the post-modern music.
The range of political and religious involvements─a certain sympathy with Scottish nationalism, a continuing Commitment to the Catholicism in which he was brought up, express themselves, with increasing force and resolution in his most recent work.
Veni, Veni, Emmanuel Composed by J. Macmillan(1992)
This work is in One Continuous movement which has 8 Sections, Coda-Easter.
This piece is based on the plainsong of the Same name and two different level is existed.
On One level, the work is purely abstract, in that all the music material is drawn from the 15th-Century French Advent prain chant.
On the other level, it is a musical exploration of the theology behind the Advent message.
In the work perc. Soloist and Orchestra Converse throughout as two equal partners, Using a wide range of perc. instruments.
He also Can be regarded as a "New-Nationalism" Composer for example, Tuireadh(1991) it makes its contribution to a nations mourning by weaving its material from of lament to be found in Scottish traditional music.
As a Conclusion, tonality by assertion, Cyclical repetition, Slow and non-dialectical development and return to tonal, metrical, and Structural Simplicity can now be Considered as the mainstream of New Music of all types such as Concert, Theatrical Music & pop.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 논문 개요
• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. 포스트 모더니즘(post modernism)의 분류
• A. 최소주의(minimalism)와 작품분석
• B. 뉴 심플러서티(New Simplicity)와 작품분석
• C. 뉴 로맨티시즘(New Romanticism)
• Ⅲ. 제임스 맥밀란(James Macmillan 1959∼)의 <Work for Solo perc. and Orchestra-veni, veni, Emmanuel>
• Ⅳ. 결론
• 참고문헌
• Abstract