Dickens의 Great Expectations : Pip의 成熟過程을 中心으로 = DICKENS' GREAT EXPECTATIONS
저자
尹貞玉 (문리대학 영어영문학과)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1974
작성언어
Korean
KDC
051
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
9-34(26쪽)
제공처
소장기관
Great Expectations is a novel which dramatizes the process of a man's maturations. In the first stage, the reader sees the hero Pip as a young boy in his home village. In and about the village are a church graveyard, marshes with a black gibbet (guillotine), a hulking black Satis House up-town. This is the setting where Pip spends his boyhood until he leaves for London in his early teen years to be educated to become a "gentleman." At the same time these places are the expressions of Pip's inner worlds. The reader knows that Pip at the graveyard, among the gravestones of his parents, sisters and brothers, is spiritually an orphan, even though hi is being brought up (without much love) by his sister.
Mrs. Joe, his sister, treates him unjustly and cruelly, but there is also another side of life which is created by Joe. Joe is the only person who loves him, although Joe can not protect Pip from Mrs. Joe's cruel tongueor her whip. Yet Joe's love is strong enough to make a home for Pip and to create tender memories which help Pip through the ordeals he must undergo in the future. The marshes with the fresh winds, the kitchen with its warm fire and forge are associated with Joe who symbolizes Pip's home and native innocence.
Magwitch, who excapes from the prisonship, appears at the graveyard and forces Pip to steal, is in a sense an incarnation of the gibbet and hulks, both of which are related to crime and sin. These ugly things are the expression of the dark side of Pip's inner world. In fact Pip steals food to feed Magwitch and a file to break his leg-iron.
Magwitch, ignorant and low-born, has been maltreated by the world, especially by "gentlemen." When he goes to Australia and becomes rich, he decides to take revenge by making Pip the best and finest "gentleman" ever has been. Thus Magwitch becomes Pip's anonymous benefactor. Mr. Jaggars in the lawyer who carries out Magwitch's mission. The Pip-Magwitch relation is the pivot of the novel, and the conflict of their relationship creates the power which pushes the novel forward.
Satis House in Pip' home village is important in the sense that it stands for "gentility," and symbolically indicates darkness and death. Functionally, Miss. Havisham, the owner, plays the role of Satis House. Estella, her adopted daughter, plays only a minor role-to lure Pip and make him want to become a "gentleman." In Great Expectatins Dickens regards the "gentleman" class as sinful (although he has his own notion of what a true gentleman should be, as we shall see). A "gentleman" enjoys leisure time and material abundance without working for it. However, he can do so only because there is always a "hunted dunghill dog" who works for him.
Pip, a "common man" expecting to become Joe's partner in the forge, determines to become a "gentleman" to win Estella of the "picturesque" and "refined" world of "gentility," and to avenge himself for her contempt at his being "common." He thinks she is a "lady," not knowing she is the daughter of Magwitch and Molly, a murderess who has gypsy blood. In addition to these direct motivations, young as he is he has had enough bitter experiences of what it is to be a "common man" in the "low, flat, dark common" world.
When Mr. Jaggars offers him an opportunity to become a "gentleman," Pip accepts without hesitation, expecting his anonymous benefactor to be Miss. Havisham, though the real patron is Magwitch. Thus he becomes a "prodigal son," leaving Joe and being led by a false and sinful dream.
Pip commits serious sins when he opts for money and position. The conditions set by Magwitch (unknown to Pip) are that if Pip is to be the heir of great expectations he must call himself "Pip" and to remain ignorant of the identity of his real benefactor. Since these conditions sound easy Pip makes humiliating bargains. Calling himself Pip instead of his real name Pirrip, he becomes a thing, a puppet selling his free will. And blindly accepting his expectations and following Mr. Jaggars, Pip throws himself into the dark, death-like Satis House world.
Nevertheless there is a salvation already prepared. There in the marshes stands the beacon and the gibbet. To Pip the beacon looks black now. Yet it is unmistakably a beacon and it will lead the way. Also it is on Christmas Eve when Pip meets Magwitch and on Christmas morning Pip steals. And Christ is born.
Pip goes to London to be educated to become a "gentleman", in order to win Estalla. Pip's London is the Newgate Prison world (the realization of the gibbet and hulks of the marshes). As is clear Pip enters into a new world of "gentility," that is sin and death, through Newgate.
In London Pip is speedily corrupted. He values materialism and social position instead of things concerned with the heart. Consequently he becomes ashamed of Joe. Also he lives lavishly and gets into debt.
When Pip is twenty-three Magwitch presents himself on a stormy night. All of Pip's "expectations" are torn apart by his benefactor's appearance, as if by the storm outside. Pip's first reaction toward him is one of abhorrence, imagining the threat to his social position and the contempt which Estella would express. His attitude softens a little after finding that Magwitch is not a born criminal. Far more than Magwitch himself, society is responsible for what he is.
In avenging himself for being wronged, Magwitch's way can be considered constructive, that is motivated by gratitude and affection, when compared with the destructive methods of Miss Havisham. Nevertheless Magwitch has sinned: he thinks he can won the man Pip because with his money he has "made" Pip a "gentleman."
When Pip's dreams are torn apart, the possibility of his rebirth from sin and spiritual death dawns. This happens through a series of ordeals. The first comes at Satis House when Miss. Havisham is caught in a fire. In the struggle to rescue her he gets burned. And also burns a decaying wedding cake on a table. Beside the very table he has bade farewell to Miss. Havisham as a knight vowing loyalty to his lady when he left the village for London. For Pip the experience, the struggle to rescue Miss Havisham and getting himself burnt is a death experience in which his false life and corruption are burnt away.
The second death experience is the violence which Pip receives in two separate incidents: as attempted murder (by Orlik) and a near drowning in the river. Orlick is associated with Newgate, in the same way that Magwitch and Compeyson are with the gibbet and hulks. The violence of Orlick should be interpreted as caused by crime and sin rooted in Pip himself. The experience a t the sluice house and the near drowning a t which time Pip helps Magwitch escape the country, make it possible for the hero to accept Magwitch, because his sin is cleansed. Pip has found where he should be, and when Magwitch receives his death sentence Pip identifies himself with Magwitch.
The last stage Pip has to go through is to repair his broken relationship with Joe-and yet he also has to outgrow the restored relationship. Accepting the "expectations" Pip has been ungrateful and unfaithful to Joe-his native innocence. He has to restore both the innocence and the relationship in order to outgrow it. To be really mature it is not enough to become a Joe. Joe, though warm and some what shrewd, is in the end only a handy means that "gentlemen" can use to continue their sinful social existence.
Pip suffers a serious illness which lasts over a month. During this time the relationship between Pip and Joe is wondrously restored. Pip follows Joe, who leaves London first, to his home village. Pip "expects" to marry Biddy and become a blacksmith if she wants him to. But the day Pip arrives back at Joe's is the wedding day of Joe and Biddy. Pip has no place to go in his home village. He settles down as a clerk at the company where his friend, Herbert has a partnership. Pip provided this partnership in secret unknown to Herbert, not knowing he was preparing for his livelihood.
Outwardly Pip's "great expectations" are not realized. He did not receive his "expectations," he did not become the kind of " gentleman" that he and others expected, and he did not win Estella in the way he and other expected Yet all is accomplished inwardly. Inwardly hi has become rich enough not to be covetous of money. He now knows that money is not what a man should pursue. Instead he has become a genuine Dickensian gentleman, a mature man with a tender heart-and not a mere "gentleman". He is capable of forgiving Miss. Havisham and of loving Magwitch. Not only has he recovered his innocence, but he has outgrown it. When he gives congratulations to Joe and Biddy on their marriage, he is hearty and sincere. When he says to Joe who had paid his debt, that he will not pay back Joe "a farthing" even if he could repay him a thousand times over, Pip knows what is important in life. Finally he wins Estella's love, a love which keeps them true friends even though they must remain apart, forever, a love which unites them spiritually even as they are separated physically. It is a true spiritual love which one can achieve only through suffering. In other words all "expectations" are realized inwardly and at a higher level through long, weary, suffering processes and the hero, Pip, has become mature.
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