Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO_2 Concentrations on Soil Microorganisms

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Effects of elevated CO2 on soil microorganisms are known to be mediated by various interactions with plants, for which such effects are relatively poorly documented. In this review, we summarize and synthesize results from studies assessing impacts of elevated CO2 on soil ecosystems, focusing primarily on plants and a variety the of microbial processes. The processes considered include changes in microbial biomass of C and N, microbial number, respiration rates, organic matter decomposition, soil enzyme activities, microbial community composition, and functional groups of bacteria mediating trace gas emission such as methane and nitrous oxide. Elevated CO2 in atmosphere may enhance certain microbial processes such as CH4 emission from wetlands due to enhanced carbon supply from plants. However, responses of extracellular enzyme activities and microbial community structure are still controversy, because interferences with other factors such as the types of plants, nutrient availabilitial in soil, soil types, analysis methods, and types of CO2 fumigation systems are not fully understood.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Effects of elevated CO2 on soil microorganisms are known to be mediated by various interactions with
plants, for which such effects are relatively poorly documented. In this review, we summarize and synthesize
results from studies assessing impacts of elevated CO2 on soil ecosystems, focusing primarily on
plants and a variety the of microbial processes. The processes considered include changes in microbial
biomass of C and N, microbial number, respiration rates, organic matter decomposition, soil enzyme
activities, microbial community composition, and functional groups of bacteria mediating trace gas
emission such as methane and nitrous oxide. Elevated CO2 in atmosphere may enhance certain microbial
processes such as CH4 emission from wetlands due to enhanced carbon supply from plants. However,
responses of extracellular enzyme activities and microbial community structure are still
controversy, because interferences with other factors such as the types of plants, nutrient availabilitial
in soil, soil types, analysis methods, and types of CO2 fumigation systems are not fully understood.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 "structure of microbial communities inSphagnum peatlands and effect of atmospheric carbon dioxideenrichment" 2003
• 2 "rootsand ectomycorrhizal formation of pine seedlings at elevatedatmospheric carbon dioxide" 703-707, 1995
• 3 "role in the carbon cycle andprobable responses to climatic warming" 1991182-195
• 4 "Will risingatmospheric CO2 affect leaf litter quality and in situ decompositionrates in native plant communities? Oecologia 110" 387-392, 1997
• 5 "Trace N gas losses and N mineralization in an intact MojaveDesert ecosystem with elevated CO2" 1777-1784, 2003
• 6 "The role of mycorrhizas in theresponse of Pinus taeda seedlings to elevated CO2" 431-443, 1996
• 7 "The responses of alpine grassland to four seasons of CO2enrichment" schappi : 165-176, 1997
• 8 "The response of complex multispecies systems toelevated CO2, Global change and terrestrial ecosystems" Cambridge UniversityPress 20-42, 1996
• 9 "The influence of atmosphericCO2 enrichment on plant-soil nitrogen interactions in a wetlandplant community on the Chesapeake Bay" 93-101, 1999
• 10 "The effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on the rootgrowth of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens grown in aFACE system" 361-371, 1995
• 11 "Structure and activity of the nitrate-reducing communityin therhizosphere of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens underlong-term elevated atmospheric p CO2" 445-454, 2004
• 12 "Stimulationof symbiotic N2 fixation in Trifolium repens L under elevated atmospheric pCO2 in a grassland ecosystem" (sberger) : 575-583, 1996
• 13 "Stimulation ofmethane emission by carbon dioxide enrichment of marsh vegetation" 47-370 49, 1994
• 14 "Stimulation of soil respiration bycarbon dioxide enrichment of marsh vegetation" 1203-1205, 1998
• 15 "Soil protozoa as bioindicators" 95-112, 1999
• 16 "Soil microbiota in two annual grasslands" 589-124 598, 2000
• 17 "Soil microbialresponses to increased concentrations of atmospheric CO2" 217-224, 1997
• 18 "Soil microbialactivity and N availability with elevated CO2 in Mojave Desertsoils" 2004
• 19 "Soil microbial response in tall grass prairie to elevated CO2" 67-74, 1994
• 20 "Soil microbial communitiesbeneath Populus granddentata grown under elevated atmosphericCO2" 57-262, 1996
• 21 "Soil and biomass carbon poolsin model communities of tropical plants under elevated CO2" 61-104 71, 1995
• 22 "Shift of soilenzyme activities in wetlands exposed to elevated CO2" in press 2004
• 23 "Ryegrass rhizosphere microbial community structureunder elevated carbon dioxide concentrations, with observationson wheat rhizosphere" 315-321, 1998
• 24 "Root production and turnoverand carbon budgets of two contrasting grasslands under ambientand elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations" 247-255, 1997
• 25 "Rhizosphere feedbacks in elevated CO2" 313-320, 1999
• 26 "Responses of the soil microbiota to elevated CO2 in an artificialtropical ecosystem" 45-36 54, 1999
• 27 "Responses of soil microbiota ofa late successional alpine grassland to long term CO2 enrichment" 219-229, 1996
• 28 "Responses of soil biota to elevated atmosphericcarbon dioxide" 55-65, 1994
• 29 "Regenerating temperate forestmesocosms in elevated CO2: belowground growth and nitrogencycling" 115-113 125, 1998
• 30 "Rational nitrogenfertilization in intensive cropping systems" 89-97, 1995
• 31 "Plant responsesto atmospheric CO2 enrichment with emphasis on roots and therhizosphere" 155-189, 1994
• 32 "Nitrogen deposition and ectomycorrhizas" 169-187, 1998
• 33 "Morphology andtissue quality of seedling root systems of Pinus taeda and Pinusponderosa as affected by varying CO2" 107-119, 1997
• 34 "Microbial decomposition at elevated CO2 levels effect of litter quality" 379-386, 1997
• 35 "Microbial community changes in the rhizospheresof white clover and perennial ryegrass exposed to freeair carbon dioxide enrichment" 1717-1724, 1996
• 36 "Methane production and emission in a Texas rice field" 47-4 68, 1990
• 37 "Methane Production in a floodedsoil in response to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations" 218-29 220, 1999
• 38 "Issues and perspectives for investigating rootresponses to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide" 9-20, 1994
• 39 "Interspecific variation in the growth response ofplants to an elevated ambient CO2 concentration" 77-97, 1993
• 40 "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" Cambridge University Press 7-34, 1995climatechange1994
• 41 "Interactive effects of atmospheric CO2 andsoil-N availability on fine roots of Populus tremuloides" 2000
• 42 "Influence of rhizodeposition under elevatedCO2 on plant nutrition and soil organic matter" 277-288, 1996
• 43 "Influence of anelevated atmospheric CO2 content on soil and rhizosphere bacterialcommunities beneath Lolium perenne and Trifoliumrepens under field conditions" arag : 39-49, 1999
• 44 "Influence of Elevated CO2 on the Fungal Communityin a Coastal Scrub Oak Forest Soil Investigated withTerminal-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis" 4370-4376, 2002
• 45 "Increases inmycorrhizal colonization and seedling growth in Pinus echinataand Quercus alba in an enriched CO2 atmosphere" 878-883, 1987b
• 46 "Implications ofincreased carbon dioxide levels for carbon input and turnover insoils" 104 283-105 292, 1993
• 47 "Impacts of rising atmospheric carbondioxide on model terrestrial ecosystems" 441-280 443, 1998
• 48 "Impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrationon soil microbial biomass and activity in a complex" 335-346, 1998
• 49 "Growth response of Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne asmonocultures and bi-species mixture to free air CO2 enrichmentand management" (sberger) : 149-160, 1997
• 50 "Grass root decomposition in retarded when grass hasbeen grown under elevated CO2" 117-120, 1995
• 51 "Functional diversity of microbial communities" 1101-1108, 1994
• 52 "Extracellularenzyme activity beneath temperature trees growing under elevatedcarbon dioxide and ozone" 2002
• 53 "Evidencethat elevated CO2 levels can indirectly increase rhizospheredenitri.er activity." Evidencethat elevated CO2 levels can indirectly increase rhizospheredenitri 4621-4624, 1997
• 54 "Evidenceof a feedback mechanism limiting plant response to elevatedcarbon dioxide" 616-364 617, 1993
• 55 "Enhanced CH4 emissionsfrom a wetland soil exposed to Elevated CO2" 77-88, 1997
• 56 "Elevatedconcentrations of CO2 may double methane emissionsfrom mires" Press 25-128, 1995
• 57 "Elevatedatmospheric CO2, fine roots and the response of soilmicroorganisms: A review and hypothesis" 201-222, 2000a
• 58 "Elevatedatmospheric CO2 effects on seedling growth and rhizosphere bacterial populations of Liriodendron tulipiferaL" 3-11, 1987a
• 59 "Elevated atmosphericCO2 alters microbial structure in a pasture ecosystem" 475-482, 2000
• 60 "Elevated atmospheric CO2 and soil N fertility effects ongrowth, mycorrhizal colonization, and xylem water potential ofjuvenile ponderosa pine in a field soil" 25-36, 1997
• 61 "Elevated atmospheric CO2 alters leaf litter nutritional qualityfor stream ecosystems: An in situ leaf decomposition study" 203-495 211, 2003
• 62 "Elevated CO2 stimulates associativeN2 fixation in a C3 plant of the Chesapeake Bay wetland" 943-953, 2000
• 63 "Elevated CO2 increases nitrogen fixation anddecreases soil nitrogen mineralization in Florida scrub oak" 781-789, 1999
• 64 "Elevated CO2 altersbelowground exoenzyme activities in tussock tundra" 321-329, 1997
• 65 "Elevated CO2 alters community-level physiological profiles and enzyme activities in alpine grassland" 35-43, 1999
• 66 "Effectsof raised CO2 on potential CH4 production and oxidation in" Saarnio sila : 261-86 268, 1998
• 67 "Effectsof elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen fertilization on mycorrhizalfine roots and the soil microbial community in Beech-Spruce ecosystems on siliceous and calcareous soil" 126-135, 2001
• 68 "Effectsof elevated CO2 on fine root length and distribution in an oakpalmettoscrub ecosystem in central Florida" 143-148, 2000
• 69 "Effects of six years atmospheric CO2 enrichment on plant and soil microbial C of a calcareous grassland" 2001
• 70 "Effects of nitrogen and water limitation and elevatedatmospheric CO2 on ectomycorrhiza of longleaf pine" 681-689, 1997
• 71 "Effects of increased CO2 and N onCH4 efflux from a boreal mire: a growth chamber experiment" Saarnio sila : 349-119 356, 1999
• 72 "Effects of free-air CO2enrichment on microbial on microbial populations in the rhizosphereand phyllosphere of cotton" 117-130, 1994
• 73 "Effects of enhanced atmosphericCO2 and nutrient supply on the quality and subsequent decompositionof the fine roots of Betula pendula Roth" 267-277, 1995
• 74 "Effects of elevatedCO2 on fen peat biogeochemistry" 45-50, 2001
• 75 "Effects of elevated carbon dioxide on soils in aFlorida scrub oak ecosystem" 501-507, 2001
• 76 "Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2-levels on the carbon economyof a soil planted with wheat" John Wiley andSons 423-429, 1990
• 77 "Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soilmicrobiota in calcareous grassland" 451-458, 1998
• 78 "Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on Cand N pools and rhizosphere processes in a Florida scrub oakcommunity" 383-391, 2000
• 79 "Effects of carbon dioxide and temperature on methane emissionof rice" 1994
• 80 "Effects of CO2 -concentrations on growth carbondistribution and loss of carbon from the roots of maize" 645-651, 1985
• 81 "Effect of elevatedCO2 on mycorrhizal colonizination of loblolly pine" 81-88, 1994
• 82 "Effect of elevated CO2 on rhizosphere carbonflow and soil microbial processes" 363-377, 1997
• 83 "Effect of elevated CO2 on carbon and nitrogen distributionwithin a tree" 281-162 292, 1994
• 84 "Effect of CO2 enrichment and elevated temperature on methaneemissions from rice" 587-599, 1999
• 85 "Ecosystem response of pasturecommunities to fumigation-induced microbial diversityreductions an examination of the biodiversity-ecosystem functionrelationship" 279-90 294, 2000
• 86 "Ecosystem physiology responses to globalchange, The terrestrial biosphere and global change" Cambridge University Press 141-189, 1999
• 87 "Dynamics of nitrifying activities denitrifying activities andnitrogen in grassland mesocosms as altered by elevated CO2" 365-376, 2004b
• 88 "Does fertilizer applicationalter the effects of elevated CO on Carex leaf litter quality andin situ decomposition in an alpine grassland? Acta Oecol" 201-206, 1997
• 89 "Denitrification in grass swards is increased under elevatedatmospheric CO2" 729-732, 2003
• 90 "Denitrification in a saltmarsh ecosystem" 726-734, 1979
• 91 "Decompositionof tree leaf litters grown under elevated CO2 Effect of litterquality" 121-130, 1994
• 92 "Could competition between plantsand microbes regulate plant nutrition and atmospheric CO2concentrations? Sci" 1998
• 93 "Cotton root andrhizosphere responses to free-air CO2 enrichment" 251-263, 1992
• 94 "Consequences of rising atmosphericcarbon dioxide levels for the belowground microbiotaassociated with white oak" 409-503, 1997
• 95 "Climate models-projections of future climate IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change" Cambridge University Press 290-349, 1995
• 96 "Classification and characterizationof heterotrophic microbial communities on the basis of patternsof community-level sole-carbon-source utilization" 2351-2359, 1991
• 97 "Changes inthe functional abilities of the microbial community duringcomposting of manure" 77-87, 1996
• 98 "Changes in microbial activity and composition ina pasture ecosystem exposed to elevated atmospheric carbondioxide" 2002
• 99 "Carbondynamics and microbial activity in tallgrass prairie exposed toelevated CO2 for 8 years" 127-137, 2000
• 100 "Carbon fluxes in plantsoil systems at elevatedatmospheric CO2 levels" 175-181, 1991
• 101 "CH4 and CO2 beneath Lolium perenne under elevatedCO2" 89-95, 1998
• 102 "Biosphere responses to CO2 enrichment" 1590-1619, 2000
• 103 "Below-ground respiratoryresponse of sugar maple and red maple saplings to atmosphericCO2 enrichment and elevated air temperature" 85-97, 1999
• 104 "Below ground responses to rising atmospheric CO2 implications for plants" 1-6, 1994a
• 105 "Bacterialdiversity in the bulk soil and rhizosphere fractions of Loliumperenne and Trifolium repens as revealed by PCR restrictionanalysis" arag : 219-224, 1998
• 106 "Bacterial diversity in agroecosystems" 65-76, 1999
• 107 "AtmosphericCO2 elevation has little effect on nitrifying and denitrifyingenzyme activity in four European grasslands" 488-497, 2004a
• 108 "Atmospheric CO2 and the composition and function of soilmicrobial communities" 47-59, 2000b
• 109 "Assessing the impactof elevated CO2 on soil microbial activity in a Mediterraneanmodel ecosystem" 333-342, 1996
• 110 "Acclimation of photosynthesis toelevated CO2 under low-nitrogen nutrition is affected by thecapacity for assimilate utilization" 683-689, 1998
• 111 "Aboveand below ground response of Populus grandidentata to elevatedatmospheric CO2 and soil N availability" 45-51, 1994b
• 112 "A possible plant-mediated feedbackbetween elevated CO2, denitrification and the enhancedgreenhouse effect" 43-53, 1999
• 113 "A new estimate of changing carbonstorage on land since the last glacial maximum, based onglobal land ecosystem reconstruction." 3-17 241, 1998
• 114 "A moderateincrease in the annual CH4 efflux by raised CO2 orNH4NO3 supply in a boreal oligotrophic mire" Saarnio Saarinen sila : 137-144, 2000
• 115 "A meta-analysis of elevated CO2effects on woody plant mass" 299-313, 1998
• 116 "A field study of the effects of elevated CO2 onecosystem processes in a Chesapeake Bay wetland" 579-595, 1992